1. Ulugh Beg, 1393-1449 C.E. MOHAMMED TARGAI ulugh beg. (1393 1449 C.E.) http://salam.muslimsonline.com/~azahoor/beg.html

MOHAMMED TARGAI ULUGH BEG (1393 - 1449 C.E.) by Dr. A. Zahoor Click here to proceed

2. Ulugh Beg And His Observatory The web page on ulugh beg and the Samarkand Observatory has been moved to Silk Road Seattle and may be found by clicking http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/CA/cities/samarkand/obser.html

The web page on Ulugh Beg and the Samarkand Observatory has been moved to Silk Road Seattle and may be found by clicking here . If you have saved the former URL in your browser, replace it with the new one. October 16, 2002

3. ULUGH BEG ulugh beg, MIRZA MAHOMMED BEN SHAH ROK (13941449), Persian astronomer, son of the shah Rok and grandson of Timur, succeeded his father as prince of Samarkand in 1447, after having for years taken part in the government, and was murdered in 1449 by http://92.1911encyclopedia.org/U/UL/ULUGH_BEG.htm

document.write(""); ULUGH BEG ULUGH BEG, MIRZA MAHOMMED BEN SHAH ROK (1394-1449), Persian astronomer, son of the shah Rok and grandson of Timur, succeeded his father as prince of Samarkand in 1447, after having for years taken part in the government, and was murdered in 1449 by his eldest son. He erected an observatory at Samarkand, from which were issued tables of the sun, moon and planets, with an interesting introduction, which throws much light on the trigonometry and astronomical methods then in use (Prolegomenes des tables astroncmiques d'Oidoug Beg, ed. by Sedillot, Paris, 1847, and translated by the same, 1853). The serious errors which he found in the Arabian star catalogues (which were simply copied from Ptolemy, adding the effect of precession to the longitudes) induced him to redetermine the positions of 992 fixed stars, to which he" added 27 stars from Al Sufi's catalogue, which were too far south to be observed at Samarkand. This catalogue, the first original one since Ptolemy, was edited by Th. Hyde at Oxford in 1665 (Tabulae longitudinis et tatitudinis stellarum tixarum ex observatione Ulugbeighi), by G. Sharpe in 1767, and in 1843 by F. Baily in vol. xiii. of the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. See Delambre, Histoire de l’astronomie du moyen dge; PoggendorfF, Biographisch-litterarisches.

4. Encyclopædia Britannica His father, Shah Rokh, captured the city of Samarkand and gave it to ulugh beg, who made it a centre of Muslim http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=76129

5. Mohammed Targai Ulugh Beg (InterIslamicNet) ulugh beg was a grandson of Timur (known in the West as Tamerlane), a Tartar prince and ruler of Turkestan. http://members.tripod.com/~bimcrot/alkisah/ulughbeg.html

Mohammed Targai Ulugh Beg (1393 - 1449 C.E.) Ulugh Beg was a grandson of Timur (known in the West as Tamerlane), a Tartar prince and ruler of Turkestan. He was an exceptional astronomer and mathematician of the fifteenth century. Ulugh Beg was the son of Timurid king Shah Rukh and was born in 1393 at Sultaniyya in Central Asia. He was a Hafiz, someone who can recite the Qur'an by heart. Ulugh Beg made Samarkand famous as one of the leading cities of Muslim civilization. In 1424 he built a madrasa, an institution of higher learning, where astronomy was taught. Later in 1428, Ulugh Beg began the construction of a magnificent three-story observatory in Samarkand. It was more than two hundred fifty feet in diameter and one hundred twenty feet high. He appointed Ali-Kudsi, a Muslim astronomer as the director of the Observatory. Several well-known mathematicians and astronomers including Al-Kashi and Kadizada worked there. He equipped it with the best and most accurate astronomical instruments available then. The observatory included a Fakhri sextant (made of marble) which was used for determining the inclination of the ecliptic to the equator, the point of the vernal equinox, the length of the tropical year, and other astronomical constants measured from observation of the sun. It also included a quadrant so large that part of the ground was removed to allow it to fit in the Observatory. Other instruments included a triquetram and an armillary sphere.

6. Dw546.jpg FILE FORMAT .jpg. subject - Observatory of ulugh beg. detail - detail http://www.washington.edu/ark2/archtm/dw546.html

Observatory of Ulugh Beg slide number - dw546 FILE FORMAT - .jpg subject - Observatory of Ulugh Beg detail - detail nation - Uzbekistan city - Samarkand state - na site - Ulugh Beg date - 1428/9 architect - na materials - na type - quadrant keywords - na photographer - Dan Waugh photographer's reference No. - na transmission data - na Date of Photograph - na

7. Ulugh_Beg ulugh beg. Born Shortly after his grandson ulugh beg was born, Timurinvaded India and by 1399 he had taken control of Delhi. Timur http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ulugh_Beg.html

Ulugh Beg Born: 1393 in Soltaniyeh, Timurid, Persia (now Iran) Died: 27 Oct 1449 in Samarkand, Timurid empire Click the picture above to see three larger pictures Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Ulugh Beg was the grandson of the conqueror Timur, who is often known as Tamerlane (from Timur-I-Leng meaning Timur the Lame, a title of contempt used by his Persian enemies). Although in this archive we are primarily interested in Ulugh Beg's achievements in mathematics and astronomy, we need to examine the history of the area since it had such a major impact on Ulugh Beg's life. Timur, Ulugh Beg's grandfather, came from the Turkic Barlas tribe which was a Mongol tribe that was living in Transoxania, today essentially Uzbekistan. He united several Turko-Mongol tribes under his leadership and set out on a conquest, with his armies of mounted archers, of the area now occupied by Iran, Iraq, and eastern Turkey. Shortly after his grandson Ulugh Beg was born, Timur invaded India and by 1399 he had taken control of Delhi. Timur continued his conquests by extending his empire to the west from 1399 to 1402, winning victories over the Egyptian Mamluks in Syria and the Ottomans in a battle near Ankara. Timur died in 1405 leading his armies into China. After Timur's death his empire was disputed among his sons. Ulugh Beg's father Shah Rukh was the fourth son of Timur and, by 1407, he had gained overall control of most of the empire, including Iran and Turkistan regaining control of Samarkand. Samarkand had been the capital of Timur's empire but, although his grandson Ulugh Beg had been brought up at Timur's court, he was seldom in that city. When Timur was not on one of his military campaigns he moved with his army from place to place and his court, including his grandson Ulugh Beg, travelled with him.

8. Ulugh_Beg Biography of ulugh beg (13931449) ulugh beg. Born 1393 in Soltaniyeh, Timurid, Persia (now Iran) http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ulugh_Beg.html

Ulugh Beg Born: 1393 in Soltaniyeh, Timurid, Persia (now Iran) Died: 27 Oct 1449 in Samarkand, Timurid empire Click the picture above to see three larger pictures Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Ulugh Beg was the grandson of the conqueror Timur, who is often known as Tamerlane (from Timur-I-Leng meaning Timur the Lame, a title of contempt used by his Persian enemies). Although in this archive we are primarily interested in Ulugh Beg's achievements in mathematics and astronomy, we need to examine the history of the area since it had such a major impact on Ulugh Beg's life. Timur, Ulugh Beg's grandfather, came from the Turkic Barlas tribe which was a Mongol tribe that was living in Transoxania, today essentially Uzbekistan. He united several Turko-Mongol tribes under his leadership and set out on a conquest, with his armies of mounted archers, of the area now occupied by Iran, Iraq, and eastern Turkey. Shortly after his grandson Ulugh Beg was born, Timur invaded India and by 1399 he had taken control of Delhi. Timur continued his conquests by extending his empire to the west from 1399 to 1402, winning victories over the Egyptian Mamluks in Syria and the Ottomans in a battle near Ankara. Timur died in 1405 leading his armies into China. After Timur's death his empire was disputed among his sons. Ulugh Beg's father Shah Rukh was the fourth son of Timur and, by 1407, he had gained overall control of most of the empire, including Iran and Turkistan regaining control of Samarkand. Samarkand had been the capital of Timur's empire but, although his grandson Ulugh Beg had been brought up at Timur's court, he was seldom in that city. When Timur was not on one of his military campaigns he moved with his army from place to place and his court, including his grandson Ulugh Beg, travelled with him.

9. References For Ulugh_Beg References for ulugh beg. Biography in 1819). TN KaryNijazov, The UlughBeg school of astronomy (Russian) (Tashkent, 1967). Articles http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Ulugh_Beg.html

References for Ulugh Beg Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Books: J B J Delambre, (Paris, 1819). T N Kary-Nijazov, The Ulugh Beg school of astronomy (Russian) (Tashkent, 1967). Articles: M Bagheri, A newly found letter of al-Kashi on scientific life in Samarkand, Historia Math. M S Bulatov, Ulugh Beg's observatory in Samarkand (Russian), Istor.-Astronom. Issled. H Hobden, Ulugh Beg and his Observatory in Samarkand, Astronomy Now T N Kary-Nijazov, Ulugh Beg and Subah Jai Singh (Russian), in 1966 Phys. Math. Sci. in the East 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1966), 247-255. V Lutsky, Ulugh Beigh's ancient star atlas, Astromony and Space M Shevchenko, An analysis of errors in the star catalogues of Ptolemy and Ulugh Beg, J. Hist. Astronom. A U Usmanov, A short survey of the history of the development of astronomy in the medieval East up to the age of Ulugh Beg (Russian), Questions on the history of mathematics and astronomy I, Trudy Samarkand. Gos. Univ. (N.S.) Vyp.

10. The Legacy Of Ulugh Beg The Legacy of ulugh beg, article by Kevin Krisciunas, with notes and bibliography.The Legacy of ulugh beg. EDITIONS CONTAINING ALL OR PART OF ulugh beg'S ZIJ. http://www.ku.edu/~ibetext/texts/paksoy-2/cam6.html

The Legacy of Ulugh Beg Kevin Krisciunas[1] Muhammed Taragai Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) was a Turk who ruled the province of Transoxiana (Maverannahr), a region situated between the River Oxus (Amu Darya) and the River Jaxartes (Syr Darya), the principal city of which was Samarkand. Ulugh Beg's grandfather was the famous conqueror Timur (1336-1405). Ulugh Beg became the ruler of Transoxiana in 1447 upon the death of his father. But his rule was of short duration. Two years later he was killed by an assassin hired by his son 'Abd al Latif. A principal source of our information about the astronomical activity at Samarkand is a letter of one Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid al-Kashi (d. 1429), which is available in Turkish and English (see Sayili 1960). This letter, originally in Persian, was written in 1421 or 1422. From it we deduce that serious astronomical activity began in Samarkand in 1408-10, and that the construction of Ulugh Beg's observatory was begun in 1420. Amongthe astronomers known to have been active at Samarkand, we know only a few by name, but according to al-Kashi there were sixty or seventy scholars at the madrasa who were well enough versed in mathematics to participate in some capacity in the astronomical observations and/or seminars. The observations were carried out systematically from 1420 to 1437. While observatories today are expected to carry on indefinitely, this was not the case in olden times. Rather, observations were carried out, for example, to update tables of planetary motions in order to predict their future positions. al-Kashi tells us (see Sayili 1960, p.106):

11. The Legacy Of Ulugh Beg Biographical sketch of Muhammed Taragai ulugh beg, the 15thcentury Turk ruler with a passion for astronomy. Muhammed Taragai ulugh beg (1394-1449) was a Turk who ruled the province of Transoxiana (Maverannahr), a region situated http://www.ukans.edu/~ibetext/texts/paksoy-2/cam6.html

The Legacy of Ulugh Beg Kevin Krisciunas[1] Muhammed Taragai Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) was a Turk who ruled the province of Transoxiana (Maverannahr), a region situated between the River Oxus (Amu Darya) and the River Jaxartes (Syr Darya), the principal city of which was Samarkand. Ulugh Beg's grandfather was the famous conqueror Timur (1336-1405). Ulugh Beg became the ruler of Transoxiana in 1447 upon the death of his father. But his rule was of short duration. Two years later he was killed by an assassin hired by his son 'Abd al Latif. A principal source of our information about the astronomical activity at Samarkand is a letter of one Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid al-Kashi (d. 1429), which is available in Turkish and English (see Sayili 1960). This letter, originally in Persian, was written in 1421 or 1422. From it we deduce that serious astronomical activity began in Samarkand in 1408-10, and that the construction of Ulugh Beg's observatory was begun in 1420. Amongthe astronomers known to have been active at Samarkand, we know only a few by name, but according to al-Kashi there were sixty or seventy scholars at the madrasa who were well enough versed in mathematics to participate in some capacity in the astronomical observations and/or seminars. The observations were carried out systematically from 1420 to 1437. While observatories today are expected to carry on indefinitely, this was not the case in olden times. Rather, observations were carried out, for example, to update tables of planetary motions in order to predict their future positions. al-Kashi tells us (see Sayili 1960, p.106):

12. A Timurid Chronology Timur's grandson ulugh beg governor of Samarkand, and in last two years ruler ofTimurid empire. 1414. Building of ulugh beg's medrese on Registan in Samarkand. http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/01hist225/225chron/timurchr1.html

A Timurid Chronology Date Event Death of founder of Yasawi Sufi order, Ahmad Yasawi. His followers very important in spread of Islam into Inner Asia. Under Tamerlane, major complex of buildings erected around his tomb. Life of founder of Naqshbandi Sufi order, Baha ad-Din Naqshband, who lived most of his life near Bukhara and was buried nearby. 1320s or 1330s Birth of Timur into Barlas tribe near Kesh (Shahr-i Sabs) Split of Chagatay's portion of Mongol Empire into two sections: Ulus Chagatay (mainly in Transoxiana; mixed nomadic and sedentary population, but region more heavily urbanized and islamicized), and Moghulistan (mainly in Ili R., Issyk Kul and NW Tarim; controlled in first instance by pastoral nomads more closely tied to pre-Muslim cultural traditions). Rule of Chagatayid Tughluk Timur in Moghulistan, with support of local Dughlat clan. Later tradition attributes his conversion to Islam to followers of Baha ad-Din Naqshband. ca. 1360 Tughluk Timur installs Timur (the future Tamerlane) as head of Barlas tribe at Shahr-i Sabs. 1361-mid-1380s Major expansion of Shah-i Zinda tomb complex in Samarkand, including burials connected with family of Timur.

13. Ulugh Beg Madrasah ulugh beg Madrasah, Part of site, Registan Square Restoration. Variant Names,Madrasa of ulugh beg, Ulug Beg Madrassah. Location, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=3178

14. Ulugh Beg Madrasah ulugh beg Madrasah, Notes. One of three madrasas commissioned by ulugh beg, thisone in Bukhara was constructed over the same years as that in Samarkand. http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=5085

15. MuslimHeritage.com - Muslim Scholars ulugh beg 1420 AD, Category Science. The Lagacy of ulugh beg. Ibn Jubair, 821 AD.Ibn Khaldun, 1332 AD. Piri Reis, 1465 AD. ulugh beg, 1420 AD. Personalities of Today. http://www.muslimheritage.com/day_life/default.cfm?ArticleID=237&Oldpage=1

16. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics The Lagacy of ulugh beg. Summarised extracts from a full article, see resourcesbelow, where end notes, references and bibliography are given. http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=237

17. Samarkand: Ulugh Beg's Observatory Back to Cities and Architecture Click on thumbnails to enlarge them,ulugh beg and His Observatory. ulugh beg was the oldest son of http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/cities/samarkand/obser.html

Back to Cities and Architecture Click on thumbnails to enlarge them Ulugh Beg and His Observatory Ulugh Beg was the oldest son of Shahrukh, born in the city of Sultaniyah during his grandfather Timur's (Tamerlane's) campaign in northern Iran in 1394. At age 4 he accompanied his grandfather as far as Kabul, on the campaign that went on to take Delhi; almost immediately after the Indian campaign, he joined Tamerlane's campaign to the west which resulted in the defeat of the Ottoman ruler Bayezid I at Ankara in 1402. As Tamerlane was preparing to invade China, he celebrated the marriages of several of his grandsons, among them Ulughbeg (then age 10), who also was designated to rule over a significant portion of Moghulistan (the region encompassing part of the Tien Shan Mountains and NW Xinjiang), which, of course, was yet to be conquered. It is likely that Ulugh Beg was one of the princes seen by the Spanish ambassador Clavijo when he visited Tamerlane's court in 1403-1404. Tamerlane's death in early 1405 not only cancelled the invasion of China but ushered in a period of civil strife in which the young Ulugh Beg took an active part. When his father, Shahrukh, finally managed to regain control over Transoxiana, he appointed Ulugh Beg as the regent there. The latter assumed his full responsibilities in 1411, although he continued to be subordinate to his father, who ruled the empire from Herat. At Shahrukh's death in 1447, Ulugh Beg succeeded him, but survived only two years as an independent ruler before being overthrown and beheaded in 1449.

18. Ulugh Beg - Wikipedia ulugh beg. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. ulugh beg (1394October27, 1449), also Ulug Beg, was a Timurid astronomer and ruler. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulugh_Beg

19. MISC> Ulugh Beg And His Observatory MISC ulugh beg and his observatory. ulugh beg and his observatory Samarkand, Uzbekistanhttp//faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/CA/cities/samarkand/obser.html. http://scout.wisc.edu/addserv/NH/99-07/99-07-21/0027.html

Sent: Wednesday, July 21, 1999 12:33 PM From: nikst [ mailto:nikst@orc.ru Ulugh Beg and his observatory [Samarkand, Uzbekistan] http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/CA/cities/samarkand/obser.html Ulugh Beg and His Observatory Ulugh Beg was the oldest son of Shahrukh, born in the city of Sultaniyah during his grandfather Timur's (Tamerlane's) campaign in northern Iran in 1394. At age 4 he accompanied his grandfather as far as Kabul, on the campaign that went on to take Delhi; almost immediately after the Indian campaign, he joined Tamerlane's campaign to the west which resulted in the defeat of the Ottoman ruler Bayezid I at Ankara in 1402. As Tamerlane was preparing to invade China, he celebrated the marriages of several of his grandsons, among them Ulughbeg (then age 10), who also was designated to rule over a significant portion of Moghulistan (the region encompassing part of the Tien Shan Mountains and NW Xinjiang), which, of course, was yet to be conquered. It is likely that Ulugh Beg was one of the princes seen by the Spanish ambassador Clavijo when he visited Tamerlane's court in 1403-1404.

20. Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biography Branch of Science , Astronomers v. Nationality , Mongolian v. ulugh beg (13941449),Mongol astronomer who made the best astronomical observations of his time. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/UlughBeg.html

Branch of Science Astronomers Nationality Mongolian Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) Mongol astronomer who made the best astronomical observations of his time. He prepared star tables superior to Ptolemy's and compiled the first new star map since Hipparchus . His efforts were surpassed, however, by those of Brahe Additional biographies: MacTutor (St. Andrews) Author: Eric W. Weisstein

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