1. Mary Somerville Mary Fairfax Somerville. Mary Fairfax Somerville's scientific investigations beganin the summer of 1825, when she carried out experiments on magnetism. http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/somer.htm

Mary Fairfax Somerville Written by Shane Wood, Class of 1997 (Agnes Scott College) Mary Fairfax Somerville was born on December 26, 1780 in Jedburgh Scotland, the daughter of Margaret Charters and Lieutenant William George Fairfax, a vice admiral in the British Navy (Osen 96). With her father frequently out at sea for long periods of time and her mother exerting few restraints on her other than insisting that she learn to read the Bible and say her prayers, Mary was, in her own words, "allowed to grow up a wild creature" (Perl 84). Despite the family's fortunate economic standing, Mary's education was, as was characteristic of much of the education of young girls of her time, quite "scant and haphazard" (Osen 97). She found her only year of full-time schooling, during which she attended a boarding school for girls in Musselburgh, rather miserable and unhappy (Osen 97). Mary studied her first simple arithmetic at the age of thirteen, when her mother took a small flat for the winter months in Edinburgh and she was enrolled briefly in a writing school there. Also at about this time, she, quite by accident, began her study of algebra, as she happened upon some mysterious symbols in the puzzles of a women's fashion magazine and was able to persuade her brother's tutor to purchase some elementary literature on the subject for her (Perl 87). In 1804, at the age of twenty four, Mary married her cousin, Captain Samuel Greig. Greig was a member of the Russian Navy and had little interest in the math and science that his wife so dearly loved. Although he held intellectual women in rather low esteem, he interfered little with her work. The couple had two sons, Woronzow (1805-1865) and William George (1806-1814), but Samuel did not live to see much of the lives of his children, for he died in 1807 after only three years of marriage (Grinstein and Campbell 209).

2. Ockham's Razor - 03/06/2001: Mary Somerville Mary Somerville Broadcast Sunday 3 June 2001 with Robyn Williams. SummaryThis is the story of the Queen of 19th century science, Mary Somerville. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/stories/s306256.htm

All in the Mind The Buzz Earthbeat Health Report ... Science News Mary Somerville Broadcast Sunday 3 June 2001 with Robyn Williams Summary: This is the story of the Queen of 19th century science, Mary Somerville. Transcript: Robyn Williams: Let me quote: There will be lots of arguments about who is the King of 19th century Science. But there is no doubt who is Queen. Her name is Mary Somerville. Well her story illustrates two aspects of a life in science for women, both then, in the 19th century, and perhaps now. The first is the obstacles set in her way, not even allowed to buy a book if she felt like it, or join a specialist society. But the second is of confidence: how many times she was prepared to discount her contributions, despite their merit. Jenny Wanless tells the tale of Mary Somerville in this the first of two talks about scientific heroines. She’s now at Questacon in Canberra. Jenny Wanless: When the Mathematics exhibition was at Questacon some ten years ago, part of the furnishings of the exhibition were banners featuring mathematicians down through the centuries. Some of them were truly famous, such as Newton. Others were very well known in mathematical circles, and some, no-one seemed to have heard of. The designers, to make the exhibition inclusive, had listed women mathematicians and generally these were the unknowns. Mary Somerville’s name rang a bell because of Somerville College at Oxford, but I knew nothing about her. Fortunately my daughter, who was studying maths at university, had been given some books on women mathematicians, so I was able to read about them. Then, when Women in Science Week was held, Questacon asked whether any explainers would be prepared to give short talks on women scientists during that week. I decided to have a go, and chose Mary Somerville. This talk came back to me during the

3. Great Scotswomen - Mary Fairfax Somerville Mary Fairfax Somerville was one the most important scientists ofthe nineteenth century. Click here for FirstFoot whisky shop. http://www.firstfoot.com/Great Scot/somerville.htm

Home About Contact Search ... Agnes Sampson Elizabeth Fairfax Somerville Scientist and Mathematician (1780-1872) Mary Fairfax Somerville was one the most important scientists of the nineteenth century. She was important less for her contribution to the advancement of the boundaries of knowledge, than to the advancement of the distribution of knowledge. Mary was a brilliant interpreter of scientific knowledge. She had a talent for evaluating, organising and presenting complex mathematical and scientific concepts in accessible and readable forms. Her book " Mechanisms of the Heavens ", published in 1831, became a standard text in higher mathematics for the next seventy years. Remarkable for a woman who received no formal childhood education. The family home in Burntisland Born in Jedburgh in 1780, Mary's childhood was spent in Burntisland. Quality Street, Burntisland to be precise. Mary's father, William Fairfax, was a vice-Admiral in the British Navy and the family income was sufficient to afford good quality housing in what, according to the 'Statistical Account of Scotland 1791-1799', was not a wealthy town -

4. Burntisland, Fife - Mary Somerville Mary Somerville. MARY SOMERVILLE (17801872) Burntisland mathematicianand astronomer. Contents An article by Helen Mabon, Secretary http://www.fife40.freeserve.co.uk/burntisland/somerville.htm

Mary Somerville MARY SOMERVILLE Burntisland mathematician and astronomer Contents An article by Helen Mabon, Secretary of Burntisland Heritage Trust, tracing the life and work of Mary Somerville of Burntisland. The article was first published in the Burgh Buzz, Burntisland's community newspaper, in February 2001. Please click here Extracts from 'Personal Recollections', edited by Mary Somerville's daughter, Martha, and published in 1876. The extracts recall Mary's early years, spent in Burntisland, and provide a fascinating and sympathetic picture of the town at the end of the 18th century. Please click here A letter from Mary Somerville to her sister in law, Christian, written in Rome in 1845. Please click here The reminiscences of Mrs Leven, daughter of the Rev James Wemyss and a cousin of Mary Somerville. See History page IAIN SOMMERVILLE E-mail: iars@fife40.freeserve.co.uk Navigation Please navigate by using the menu on the left. If you came straight to this page and there is no menu on the left of the screen, you will have to change to the frames version by clicking here

5. Mary Somerville Mary Somerville Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library The entirework (20 KB) Table of Contents for this work All online databases http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/AnoMary.html

Anonymous. Mary Somerville Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library The entire work 20 KB Table of Contents for this work All on-line databases Etext Center Homepage Header ... Essay "Mary Somerville." Atlantic Monthly 5 (May 1860): 568-571.

6. Overview Of Mary Somerville Mary Somerville 1780 1872. Mary Somerville ©1995-2002 Gazetteerfor Scotland. Mathematician and scientist, born in Jedburgh http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst207.html

Gazetteer for Scotland Help ... Add Comment Mary Somerville Mary Somerville Mathematician and scientist, born in Jedburgh, the daughter of a naval officer (Vice-Admiral Sir William Fairfax). Mary was born as her mother journeyed back from London to the family home at Burntisland, where Mary was educated. William Sommerville was her second husband, her first having died shortly after their marriage, and the couple settled in Edinburgh. Their friends included John Playfair (1748 - 1819), John Leslie (1766 - 1832) and David Brewster (1781 - 1868), who encouraged her study of mathematics. Mary studied algebra and published a series of books, including one on physical geography which became a standard text for more than 50 years. She also translated the works of Laplace and predicted the existence of the planet Neptune. She was a pioneer of women's education and Oxford's first college for women was named in her honour (1879). She died in Naples (Italy). Supported by: The Robertson Trust, The Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, The Royal Scottish Geographical Society, The Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh.

7. Mary Somerville Mary Somerville was born in 1780. She didn't have much education and didn'tbecome interested in algebra until she was over 14 years old. http://www.jenine.org/geogirls2000/people/mary.html

Mary Somerville was born in 1780. She didn't have much education and didn't become interested in algebra until she was over 14 years old. She married twice, both times to her cousins. Her first husband didn't support her in her math studies. The second one did. She was the first woman to have her paper read to the Royal Society. The paper was "The Magnetic Properties of the Violet Rays of the solar System". In 1835 she and another woman were the first women to be elected in the Royal Astronomical Society. It was a great honor to receive. She died in 1872 at the age of 92.

8. Somerville Mary Fairfax Somerville (1780 1872). Mary Fairfax Somerville wasborn in Jedburgh Scotland and was the daughter of a vice admiral http://web.uvic.ca/educ/lfrancis/web/Somerville.html

Mary Fairfax Somerville (1780 - 1872) Mary Fairfax Somerville was born in Jedburgh Scotland and was the daughter of a vice admiral in the British Navy, Lieutenant William George Fairfax. Mary only had one year of formal schooling and disliked it very much. Almost by accident, at the age of thirteen, Mary developed an interest in geometry after she happened upon some mysterious symbols in a puzzle in a women's magazine. Mary was married for a brief time, and although her husband did not outwardly support her work, he did not prevent her from pursuing mathematics either. He died within three years of their marriage, leaving the widow Mary both emotionally and financially independent. She was free to study, focussing on the works of Newton. Mary remarried in 1812 to a supportive husband. Mary later undertook a rewriting of Leplace's Mecanique Celeste and Newton's Principia . It was thought that she could present the complex ideas in these works more simply for broader understanding. Although originally unsure of her qualifications for this project she was very successful. Somerville was to later become good friends with Caroline Herschel and her family after receiving an award with Caroline.

9. Mary Fairfax Somerville Nacida el 26 de diciembre de 1780 de una familia pobre y en sus primeros años no tuvo una buena educación. Se le trató de enseñar a leer y a coser, pero ella no estaba interesada. http://cuhwww.upr.clu.edu/mate/museo/mujeres/mary.htm

Contenido Anterior Próxima Mary Fairfax Nacida el 26 de diciembre de 1780 de una familia pobre y en sus primeros años no tuvo una buena educación. Se le trató de enseñar a leer y a coser, pero ella no estaba interesada. Aprendió latín sola para poder leer el libro de Comentarios de César . Por un corto tiempo, estudió aritmética, escritura, piano y latín; pero su familia se opuso a que ella estudiara y prefería que gastara su tiempo en actividades sociales o aprendiendo artes domésticas. En una actividad vió una revista en la que salian letras y lineas en un dibujo y ella preguntó qué era eso, a lo que le respondieron que le llamaban Algebra. Ella trató de buscar más información pero le fue imposible. Esto fue así hasta que un día el tutor de su hermano menor le hizo llegar más información. Este al ver el gran interés de Fairfax, le haría Ilegar los libros de Euclides. En 1804 se casó y tuvo 2 hijos; uno, murió en la niñez y otro, a mediados de vida. Su esposo murió en 1807, dejándola en pobre estado de salud. De ahí en adelante se dedicó a estudiar matemáticas y astronomía. Después de resolver un problema matemático para un revista, el editor la llamó para trabajar con él. En 1812 se casó y ésto le dió la oportunidad de conocer otros matemáticos y astrónomos. En 1826 presentó su primer ensayo a la Sociedad Royal sobre Las Propiedades Magnéticas de los Rayos Violetas del Espectro Solar . Lord Brougham le pidió que escribiera dos volúmenes acerca de

10. Women In Math (Mary Somerville) The Best of mathNEWS Women in Math (mary somerville) mary Fairfax somerville. mary Fairfax somerville was one of Britain's most remarkable women scientists. http://www.mathnews.uwaterloo.ca/BestOf/WomenInMath7105.html

Women In Math Mary Fairfax Somerville Mary Fairfax Somerville was one of Britain's most remarkable women scientists. She began her life as a typical girl in Scottish high society, yet she had mathematical interests and talents that distinguished her. Despite her lack of formal training she managed to produce some great mathematical and physical works right until her death at age 98. She was born to Lt. George Fairfax and Margaret Fairfax in 1780 in Scotland. Her childhood was spent exploring the seaside of her hometown of Burntisland. Her early education consisted of domestic chores and reading of the Bible. By adolescence, this extended to an unpleasant stay at a girls' boarding school where she learned basic reading and writing. This was enough to pique her intellectual interests and so at the age of thirteen she taught herself enough Latin to read Caesar's Commentaries . An algebra problem in a women's fashion magazine introduced her to mathematics. She was curious what the symbols meant. Since it was improper for a lady to ask for a mathematical book in a bookshop, she had to secretly ask her brother's tutor to buy her a copy of Euclid's Elements In 1804 she married one of her cousins, Captain Samuel Greig. He frowned upon intellectual women, but did not stop her studies. She had two sons with him before he died in 1807.

11. About Mary Somerville Information on mary somerville her life and work. Four years after this marriage mary somerville and her family moved to London. http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_mary_somerville.htm

zfp=-1 About History Women's History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with Women's History with Jone Johnson Lewis Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Essentials/Basics March: WH Month! Biographies World: by Place ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Mary Somerville (December 26, 1780 - November 29, 1872) "Queen of Nineteenth Century Science" mathematician, scientist, astronomer, geographer one of the first two women admitted to the Royal Astronomical Society Somerville College, Oxford University, is named for her dubbed "Queen of Nineteenth Century Science" by a newspaper on her death Mary Fairfax, born in Jedburgh, Scotland, as the fifth of seven children of Vice-Admiral Sir William George Fairfax and Margaret Charters Fairfax, preferred the outdoors to reading. She did not have a good experience when sent to an elite boarding school, and was sent home in just a year. At age 15 Mary noticed some algebraic formulas used as decoration in a fashion magazine, and on her own began to study algebra to make sense of them. She surreptitiously obtained a copy of Euclid's

12. No. 224: Mary Fairfax Somerville The great Scottish authority on math and science, mary somerville, died in 1872. http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi224.htm

No. 224: MARY FAIRFAX SOMERVILLE by John H. Lienhard Click here for audio of Episode 224. Today, we meet the great communicator of 19th-century English mathematics. The University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. T he great Scottish authority on math and science, Mary Somerville, died in 1872. She was then 92 and writing a book on quaternions the 19th-century form of vector analysis. She was also reviewing a book on finite difference techniques. This powerhouse of British intellectual life was raised in a small town on the Firth of Forth. Without a school to go to, she ran wild chasing seabirds, gazing at stars. Her education was catch-as-catch-can. Then she found out about algebra and geometry. That was like a match in a tinder box, and her parents were horrified. A passion for mathematics could drive a teenage girl insane. Her self-education began in earnest when she was 27 after her first husband died and left her some money to live on. Six years later, she wrote a prize-winning paper on diophantine algebra. She also married an English surgeon who held no stock in 19th-century attitudes toward women.

13. Somerville Biography of mary somerville (17801872) mother's sister Martha Charters and Martha's husband Thomas somerville. mary's father was a naval officer, later Vice-Admiral http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Somerville.html

Mary Fairfax Greig Somerville Born: 26 Dec 1780 in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, Scotland Died: 29 Nov 1872 in Naples, Italy Click the picture above to see three larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Mary Somerville was the daughter of William George Fairfax and his second wife Margaret Charters. Mary Fairfax was born in the church manse in Jedburgh, the home of her mother's sister Martha Charters and Martha's husband Thomas Somerville. Mary's father was a naval officer, later Vice-Admiral Sir William George Fairfax, who was at sea at the time of her birth. Mary's mother had visited London from where her husband embarked on a long sea voyage. Margaret Fairfax broke her journey north at Jedburgh where Mary was born. The family home was in Burntisland in the county of Fife, Scotland. You can see pictures of the house in Burntisland Mary was the fifth of seven children but three died very young. Of the four remaining children, Mary was brought up with her brother who was three years older than she was. A sister was born when Mary was seven, and a second brother when she was ten. The two brothers were given a good education but, in keeping with the ideas of the time, little need was seen to educate girls so Mary's parents saw no need to provide an education for their daughter. As a young child what little education she did receive was from her mother who taught her to read but it was not considered necessary to teach her to write. When Mary was ten years old she was sent to Miss Primrose's boarding school for girls in Musselburgh (a few miles east of Edinburgh on the Firth of Forth). Burntisland and Musselburgh are on opposite sides of the Firth of Forth, Burntisland on the north, Musselburgh on the south.

14. Somerville mary somerville was the daughter of William George Fairfax and his second wifeMargaret Charters. mary somerville spent about a year abroad in 183233. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Somerville.html

Mary Fairfax Greig Somerville Born: 26 Dec 1780 in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, Scotland Died: 29 Nov 1872 in Naples, Italy Click the picture above to see three larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Mary Somerville was the daughter of William George Fairfax and his second wife Margaret Charters. Mary Fairfax was born in the church manse in Jedburgh, the home of her mother's sister Martha Charters and Martha's husband Thomas Somerville. Mary's father was a naval officer, later Vice-Admiral Sir William George Fairfax, who was at sea at the time of her birth. Mary's mother had visited London from where her husband embarked on a long sea voyage. Margaret Fairfax broke her journey north at Jedburgh where Mary was born. The family home was in Burntisland in the county of Fife, Scotland. You can see pictures of the house in Burntisland Mary was the fifth of seven children but three died very young. Of the four remaining children, Mary was brought up with her brother who was three years older than she was. A sister was born when Mary was seven, and a second brother when she was ten. The two brothers were given a good education but, in keeping with the ideas of the time, little need was seen to educate girls so Mary's parents saw no need to provide an education for their daughter. As a young child what little education she did receive was from her mother who taught her to read but it was not considered necessary to teach her to write. When Mary was ten years old she was sent to Miss Primrose's boarding school for girls in Musselburgh (a few miles east of Edinburgh on the Firth of Forth). Burntisland and Musselburgh are on opposite sides of the Firth of Forth, Burntisland on the north, Musselburgh on the south.

15. References For Somerville References for mary somerville. Biography in 321362. somerville, mary,Dictionary of National Biography LI (London, 1897), 254-255. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Somerville.html

References for Mary Somerville Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Books: Martha Somerville, Personal Recollections from Early Life to Old Age of Mary Somerville (London, 1873). E C Patterson, Mary Somerville and the cultivation of science, 1815-1840 (Boston, 1983). E C Patterson, Mary Somerville 1780-1872 (New York, 1979). Articles: J N L Baker, Mary Somerville and geography in England, The Geographical Journal H Cook, A Scotswoman to be proud of, Scots Magazine (May, 1999), 515-520. M Oughton, Mary Somerville 1780-1872, in Geographers : Bibliographical Studies (London, 1978), 109-111. E C Patterson, Mary Fairfax Greig Somerville, in L S Grinstein and P J Campbell (eds.),Women of Mathematics (Westport, Conn., 1987), 208-217. E C Patterson, Mary Somerville, British Journal for the History of Science E C Patterson, The case of Mary Somerville : An aspect of nineteenth century science, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. E C Patterson, A Scotswoman abroad : Mary Somerville's 1817 visit to France, in The Light of Nature (Dordrecht, 1985), 321-362.

16. Www.scottlan.edu/lriddle/women/somer.htm Similar pages somerville, marysomerville, mary. author, astronomer (1780 1872) She was a popularizerof astronomy and wrote textbooks. The Royal Academy in Britain http://www.scottlan.edu/lriddle/women/somer.htm

17. List By Discipline somerville, mary (1780 1872). October 08, 1999. Sonduk (c. 630 BCE).October 08, 1999. Taylor, Janet (18th century). October 08, 1999. http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/discipline.shtml

Listing by Discipline Note that some women are listed in here more than once because their work encompassed more than one field. Agronomist Scientist File Last Updated Ramsey, Martha Laurens October 08, 1999 Anthropologist Scientist File Last Updated Benedict, Ruth October 08, 1999 Fletcher, Alice October 08, 1999 Astronomer Scientist File Last Updated Brahe, Sophia (16th century) December 19, 2000 Burbidge, Margaret (1919 - ) October 08, 1999 Cannon, Annie Jump October 08, 1999 Crocker, Deborah October 08, 1999 Cunitz, Marie October 08, 1999 Dumee, Jeanne (18th century) October 08, 1999 En Hedu'Anna (circa 2354 BCE) October 08, 1999 Fleming, Williamina October 08, 1999 Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecelia December 12, 2002 Herschel, Caroline Lucretia October 08, 1999 Howard, Sethanne October 28, 1999 Huggins, Margaret Murray October 08, 1999 Kirch, Maria Margarethe October 08, 1999 Lepaute, MME. Nichole-Reine - October 08, 1999 Leavitt, Henrietta Swan October 08, 1999 Mitchell, Maria October 08, 1999 Pierry, MME. du (18th century) October 08, 1999

18. Mary Fairfax Somerville (1780-1872) Library Of Congress Citations Author somerville, mary, 17801872. Title Personal recollections, from early life to old age, of mary somerville. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~MCNEIL/cit/citlcsomerville.htm

Mary Fairfax Somerville (1780-1872) : Library of Congress Citations The Little Search Engine that Could Down to Name Citations National Library of Canada LC Online Catalog ... Free Email from Malaspina Book Citations [5 Records] Author: Somerville, Mary, 1780-1872. Title: Personal recollections, from early life to old age, of Mary Somerville. With selections from her correspondence. By her daughter, Martha Somerville. Published: Boston, Roberts brothers, 1874. Description: vi, 377 p. front. (port.) 21 cm. LC Call No.: Q143.S7 S7 Subjects: Somerville, Mary, 1780-1872. Control No.: 05022464 //r842 Author: Somerville, Mary, 1780-1872. Title: Mechanism of the heavens. By Mrs. Somerville. Published: London, J. Murray, 1831. Description: lxx, 621, [3] p. diagrs. 22 cm. LC Call No.: QB351 .S69 Subjects: Celestial mechanics. Control No.: 06020040 //r922 Author: Somerville, Mary, 1780-1872. Title: Personal recollections, from early life to old age, of Mary Somerville ; with selections from her correspondence by her daughter Martha Somerville. Published: New York : AMS Press, [1975] Description: vi, 377 p. : port. ; 19 cm. Series: Women of letters LC Call No.: Q143.S7 A33 1975 Dewey No.: 500.2/092/4 B ISBN: 0404568378 Notes: Reprint of the 1876 ed. published by Roberts Bros., Boston. Subjects: Somerville, Mary, 1780-1872. Control No.: 73037723 //r85

19. Somerville - Mary Ann Cofrin Academic Building - University Of Wisconsin - Green Click here to go to the Home Page. More Page 1 2 3 4. General Information Range of Services Design Groups Overview. Construction http://www.somervilleinc.com/academic/12-01-mac1.htm

General Information Range of Services Design Groups Overview Construction Services General Information Range of Services Design Groups Overview Construction Services ... Contact Us

20. Mary Somerville Project: Mechanism Of The Heavens [1831] - Second Edition [2001] The mary somerville Project (Mechanism of the Heavens Etext). The Mechanismof the Heavens was the first english language rendition http://www.malaspina.com/etext/heavens.htm

The Mary Somerville Project Mechanism of the Heavens Etext The Mechanism of the Heavens was the first english language "rendition" of Pierre Simon Laplace's five volume In this work Somerville, who was later known for her predition of the then undiscovered planets Neptune and Pluto, introduced continental mathematics to english speaking readers for the first time This led to a revolution in mathematics in the UK, beginning at Cambridge University where the Mechanism of the Heavens became a standard text in courses on higher mathematics. This second edition of Mechanism of the Heavens is designed to address not only its scarcity, but several deficiencies in the first edition. These include the correction of 140 reported errata and a significant number of unreported errata in the 1831 edition. The unreported errata include obvious printing errors such as page repeats, mislabeled chapters, and obvious printing related mathematical errata. All changes to the text have been clearly identified and the original expressions included in notes at the end of each chapter. We have made no attempt to challenge the mathematical integrity of this work. The Critical Reviews written in 1832 and included in this second edition clearly document the importance of the original text in altering the trajectory of 19th century mathematics in the English speaking world. This annotated second edition includes short biographies of numerous 19th century mathematicians and scientists referred to in the first edition (most of whom were known to Somerville). New non-mathematical annotated

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