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  1. LOBACHEVSKY, NIKOLAI IVANOVICH: An entry from Macmillan Reference USA's <i>Encyclopedia of Russian History</i> by ALEXANDER VUCINICH, 2004
  2. Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky: An entry from Gale's <i>Science and Its Times</i> by Sherri Chasin Calvo, 2000
  3. GEOMETRICAL RESEARCHES ON THE THEORY OF PARALLELS. TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL BY GEORGE BRUCE HALSTEAD. by Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky., 1891
  4. Nikolai Lobachevsky: Russia, Mathematician, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan Gymnasium, Johann Christian Martin Bartels, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Master's Degree, Physics
  5. CONVENTIONALISM: An entry from Gale's <i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> by Carl Hoefer, 2006

1. Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky
Nikolai Ivanovich lobachevsky nikolai Lobachevsky's father died when he was 7 years old. He attended Kazan Gymnasium, financed by government scholarships, from 1802 to 1807. Then he entered Kazan University.
http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/Yb.html
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky
Nikolai Lobachevsky's father died when he was 7 years old. He attended Kazan Gymnasium, financed by government scholarships, from 1802 to 1807. Then he entered Kazan University. His original intention was to study medicine but he changed to study a broad scientific course involving mathematics and physics. Lobachevsky received a Master's Degree in physics and mathematics in 1811. In 1814 he was appointed to a lectureship, in 1816 he became an extraordinary professor, and in 1822 he was appointed as a full professor. He taught a wide range of topics including mathematics, physics and astronomy. His lectures were detailed and clear, so that they could be understood even by poorly prepared students. He was soon appointed to important positions within the university, such as the dean of the Mathematics and Physics Department between 1820 and 1825, and head librarian from 1825 to 1835. He also served as Head of the Observatory and was clearly strongly influencing policy within the University. In 1827, he became rector of Kazan University, a post he was to hold for the next 19 years. Despite this heavy administrative load, Lobachevsky continued to teach a variety of different topics such as mechanics, hydrodynamics, integration, differential equations, the calculus of variations, and mathematical physics. He even found time to give lectures on physics to the general public during the years 1838 to 1840, but the heavy work-load was to eventually take its toll on his health.

2. Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich From FOLDOC
lobachevsky nikolai Ivanovich. history of philosophy, biography Russianmathematician who developed a nonEuclidean geometry (1792
http://www.swif.uniba.it/lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich

3. Lobachevsky
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky. Born 1 Dec 1792 in Nizhny Novgorod (wasGorky from 19321990), Russia Died 24 Feb 1856 in Kazan, Russia.
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lobachevsky.html
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky
Born: 1 Dec 1792 in Nizhny Novgorod (was Gorky from 1932-1990), Russia
Died: 24 Feb 1856 in Kazan, Russia
Click the picture above
to see five larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevskii 's father Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevskii, worked as a clerk in an office which was involved in land surveying while Nikolai Ivanovich's mother was Praskovia Alexandrovna Lobachevskaya. Nikolai Ivanovich was one of three sons in this poor family. When Nikolai Ivanovich was seven years of age his father died and, in 1800, his mother moved with her three sons to the city of Kazan in western Russia on the edge of Siberia. There the boys attended Kazan Gymnasium , financed by government scholarships, with Nikolai Ivanovich entering the school in 1802. In 1807 Lobachevskii graduated from the Gymnasium and entered Kazan University as a free student. Kazan State University had been founded in 1804, the result of one of the many reforms of the emperor Alexander I, and it opened in the following year, only two years before Lobachevskii began his undergraduate career. His original intention was to study medicine but he changed to study a broad scientific course involving mathematics and physics. Vinberg writes [44]:- In the first years the atmosphere in the Department was quite favourable. The students were full of enthusiasm. They studied day and night to compensate for lack of knowledge. The professors, mainly invited from Germany, turned out to be excellent teachers, which was not common. Lobachevskii was highly successful in all courses he took ...

4. Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Wikipedia
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Ivanovich_Lobachevsky
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Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky December 1 February 24 ) was a Russian mathematician Lobachevskii was born in Nizhny Novgorod Russia . His father Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevskii, worked as a clerk in an office which was involved in land surveying while Nikolai Ivanovich's mother was Praskovia Alexandrovna Lobachevskaya. Nikolai Ivanovich was one of three sons in this poor family. When Nikolai Ivanovich was seven years of age his father died and, in , his mother moved with her three sons to the city of Kazan in western Russia on the edge of Siberia . There the boys attended Kazan Gymnasium, financed by government scholarships, with Nikolai Ivanovich entering the school in

5. Lobachevsky
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky. Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, b. Dec.1 (NS), 1792, d. Feb. 24 (NS), 1856, was a Russian mathematician
http://pratt.edu/~arch543p/help/Lobachevsky.html
Note: the following has been abstracted from the Grolier Encyclopedia.
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, b. Dec. 1 (N.S.), 1792, d. Feb. 24 (N.S.), 1856, was a Russian mathematician who is best noted for his work in the field of Non-Euclidean Geometry , sometimes called Lobachevskian geometry. His major work, "Geometriya," completed in 1823, was not published in its original form until 1909. Since the time of Euclid, mathematicians had been trying to prove Euclid's fifth postulate as a theorem. This postulate states, in effect, that for any point outside a line on a given plane, one and only one line can be drawn through that point that is parallel to the first line and does not intersect it. Lobachevsky did not try to prove this postulate as a theorem. Instead his geometry is based on the concept that a geometry in which the fifth postulate is not proved as an axiom is not in itself contradictory. Lobachevsky categorized Euclidean Geometry as a special case of a more general system.

6. Lobachevsky
Nikolai Lobachevsky. He is accused of pleagarism as is shown in thepoem, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky . To read it, click here.
http://members.tripod.com/~noneuclidean/lobachevsky.html
Nikolai Lobachevsky
Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky was the first mathematician to publish an account of non-Euclidean geometry. Born on December 1, 1792 in Novgorod, Russia . When he was only 7, Lobachevsky's father died. As such, he moved to Kazan, Siberia where he eventually studied at the University of Kazan. There, he studied physics and mathematics under Johann Bartels who had also instructed Karl Gauss. By 1811, he had a master's in mathematics and physics and by 1814 he was appointed a lectureship. By 1816, Lobachevsky became a professor. In 1829, he published his Non-Euclidean Geometry which was the first account on the matter to be published in the world. Basically, Lobachevsky stopped the common practice of turning Euclid's Fifth Postulate into a theorem. Rather, he studied a geometry apart from Euclid's final postulate. In other terms, he considered Euclid's postulate as a special case of a more simplified, general geometry. Lobachevsky came up with his own parallel postulate and his diagram:
There exist two lines parallel to a given line through a given point not on the line.

7. Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Acapedia - Free Knowledge, For
Friends of Acapedia Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
http://acapedia.org/aca/Nikolai_Ivanovich_Lobachevsky
var srl33t_id = '4200';

8. Dictionary Contents: L
linear function; linear logic; linear map; linear programming; linear space; lineartransformation; linear type; list; lobachevsky nikolai Ivanovich; Locke John
http://lgxserver.uniba.it/lei/foldop/contents/L.html
Lacan Jacques laissez-faire Lakatos Imre Lamarck Jean Baptiste de Monet Chevalier Lacan Jacques laissez-faire Lakatos Imre Lamarck Jean Baptiste de Monet Chevalier ... Lyotard Jean-Francois

9. Lobachevsky
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky. lived from 1792 to 1856. In 1829 Lobachevskypublished his nonEuclidean geometry, the first account
http://mate.cucei.udg.mx/img2/Lobachevsky.html
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky lived from 1792 to 1856 In 1829 Lobachevsky published his non-Euclidean geometry, the first account of the subject to appear in print.

10. Lobachevsky
Biography of nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevskii (17921856) nikolai Ivanovich lobachevsky. Born 1 Dec 1792 in Nizhny Novgorod (was Gorky from 1932-1990), Russia
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lobachevsky.html
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky
Born: 1 Dec 1792 in Nizhny Novgorod (was Gorky from 1932-1990), Russia
Died: 24 Feb 1856 in Kazan, Russia
Click the picture above
to see five larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevskii 's father Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevskii, worked as a clerk in an office which was involved in land surveying while Nikolai Ivanovich's mother was Praskovia Alexandrovna Lobachevskaya. Nikolai Ivanovich was one of three sons in this poor family. When Nikolai Ivanovich was seven years of age his father died and, in 1800, his mother moved with her three sons to the city of Kazan in western Russia on the edge of Siberia. There the boys attended Kazan Gymnasium , financed by government scholarships, with Nikolai Ivanovich entering the school in 1802. In 1807 Lobachevskii graduated from the Gymnasium and entered Kazan University as a free student. Kazan State University had been founded in 1804, the result of one of the many reforms of the emperor Alexander I, and it opened in the following year, only two years before Lobachevskii began his undergraduate career. His original intention was to study medicine but he changed to study a broad scientific course involving mathematics and physics. Vinberg writes [44]:- In the first years the atmosphere in the Department was quite favourable. The students were full of enthusiasm. They studied day and night to compensate for lack of knowledge. The professors, mainly invited from Germany, turned out to be excellent teachers, which was not common. Lobachevskii was highly successful in all courses he took ...

11. Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich
Pronunciation Key. lobachevsky, nikolai Ivanovich , 1793 1856 , Russian mathematician.
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12. Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
Edition. 2001. lobachevsky, nikolai Ivanovich. (ny k l ´ vä´n vch l b ch f´sk ) (KEY) , 1793–1856, Russian mathematician. A
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13. Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich
Pronunciation Key. lobachevsky, nikolai Ivanovich , 1793 1856 , Russian mathematician.
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Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich [nyik u l I E u vich l u b u E
Pronunciation Key
Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels (originally pub. 1840 in German; tr. 1891, 1914), and a statement of his completed work, (issued 1855 in Russian and French). A graduate of the Univ. of Kazan, he remained there as teacher (1812), professor (1816), and rector (1827). Despite his efficient and devoted service, in 1846 he was relieved by the government of his posts of professor and rector.
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14. Li Ta-chao To Logansport. Alphabetic Index To Entries. The Columbia Encyclopedia
LNG. Loa. loadstone. loam. Loammi. loan. Loanda. lobachevsky, nikolai Ivanovich.lobbying. lobefin. lobelia. Lobengula. Lobito. loblolly pine. lobotomy. lobster.
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15. Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich
lobachevsky, nikolai Ivanovich, nyikulI' Evä'nuvich lubuchef'skE PronunciationKey. lobachevsky, nikolai Ivanovich , 1793–1856, Russian mathematician.
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Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network Encyclopedia Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich [nyik u l I E u vich l u b u E Pronunciation Key Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels (originally pub. 1840 in German; tr. 1891, 1914), and a statement of his completed work, (issued 1855 in Russian and French). A graduate of the Univ. of Kazan, he remained there as teacher (1812), professor (1816), and rector (1827). Despite his efficient and devoted service, in 1846 he was relieved by the government of his posts of professor and rector. loan lobbying Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips About Us Contact Us Link to Infoplease ... Privacy

16. References For Lobachevsky
References for the biography of nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevskii I lobachevsky, Philos. Math. (3) 5 (1) (1997), 320. G M Polotovskii, Who was the father of nikolai Ivanovich
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Lobachevsky.html
References for Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevskii
  • Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).
  • Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Books:
  • R Bonola, Non-Euclidean Geometry
  • F Engel, N I Lobatschewskij: Zwei geometrische Abhandlungen (1898-99) (2 volumes).
  • B V Fedorenko, New documents for the biography of N I Lobachevskii (Russian) (Leningrad, 1988).
  • D A Gudkov, N I Lobachevskii, Biography puzzles (Nizhnii Novgorod, 1992).
  • V F Kagan, Lobachevsky (Moscow- Leningrad, 1948).
  • A G Karimullin and B L Laptev, What N I Lobachevskii read : A list of the books and journals lent to N I Lobachevskii by Kazan University Library (Russian), (Kazan, 1979).
  • G Kasdorf, Lobachevskii, in H Wussing and W Arnold, Biographien bedeutender Mathematiker (Berlin, 1983).
  • T I Kovaleva and N F Filatov, N I Lobachevskii and the Nizhegorod region at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries (Russian) (Nizhnii Novgorod, 1992).
  • A V Vasilev, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevskii : 1792-1856 "Nauka'' (Moscow, 1992). Articles:
  • 12.2.1981-125 : Todestag von Nikolai Iwanowitsch Lobatschewski
  • 17. Scientists: Math
    Joseph Louis, Comte; LeviCivita, Tullio; lobachevsky, nikolai Ivanovich;Maclaurin, Colin; Mandelbrot, Benoit B. Maupertuis, Pierre
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    18. Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich
    lobachevsky, nikolai Ivanovich 17931856, Russian mathematician. lobachevsky,nikolai Ivanovich. 1793-1856, Russian mathematician.
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    Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels (originally pub. 1840 in German; tr. 1891, 1914), and a statement of his completed work, (issued 1855 in Russian and French). A graduate of the Univ. of Kazan, he remained there as teacher (1812), professor (1816), and rector (1827). Despite his efficient and devoted service, in 1846 he was relieved by the government of his posts of professor and rector.
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  • 20. Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich
    lobachevsky, nikolai Ivanovich (17921856). Russian mathematician whofounded non-Euclidean geometry, concurrently with, but independently
    http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/L/Lobachevsky/1.
    Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich
    In Euclid's system, two parallel lines will remain equidistant from each other, whereas in Lobachevskian geometry, the two lines will approach zero in one direction and infinity in the other. In Euclidean geometry the sum of the angles of a triangle is always equal to the sum of two right angles; in Lobachevskian geometry, the sum of the angles is always less than the sum of two right angles. In Lobachevskian space, also, two geometric figures cannot have the same shape but different sizes.
    Lobachevsky was born at Nizhni-Novgorod and studied at the University of Kazan, Tatarstan. He taught there from 1814, becoming professor 1822 and rector of the university 1827-47. He also took on administrative work for the government.
    Lobachevsky developed non-Euclidean geometry between 1826 and 1856. He came to see that it was not contradictory to speak of a geometry in which all Euclid's postulates except the fifth held true. By including imaginary numbers, he made geometry more general, and Euclid's geometry took on the appearance of a special case of a wider system.

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