1. References For Jyesthadeva References for jyesthadeva. The URL of this page is http//wwwhistory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/jyesthadeva.html. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Jyesthadeva.html

References for Jyesthadeva Books: G G Joseph, The crest of the peacock (London, 1991). K V Sarma, A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy (Hoshiarpur, 1972). R C Gupta, Addition and subtraction theorems for the sine and the cosine in medieval India, Indian J. History Sci. R C Gupta, The Madhava-Gregory series, Math. Education S Parameswaran, Madhavan, the father of analysis, Ganita-Bharati K V Sarma, and S Hariharan, Yuktibhasa of Jyesthadeva : a book of rationales in Indian mathematics and astronomy - an analytical appraisal, Indian J. Hist. Sci. Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR November 2000 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Jyesthadeva.html

2. Science In India: History Of Mathematics: Indian Mathematicians And Astronomers, Describes Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhatta who modelled the solar system, Bhaskar, Varahamira, Category Science Math History...... Nilkantha (15th C, Tirur, Kerala) extended and elaborated upon the results ofMadhava while jyesthadeva (16th C, Kerala) provided detailed proofs of the http://members.tripod.com/~INDIA_RESOURCE/mathematics.htm

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY Pages from the history of the Indian sub-continent: Science and Mathematics in India History of Mathematics in India In all early civilizations, the first expression of mathematical understanding appears in the form of counting systems. Numbers in very early societies were typically represented by groups of lines, though later different numbers came to be assigned specific numeral names and symbols (as in India) or were designated by alphabetic letters (such as in Rome). Although today, we take our decimal system for granted, not all ancient civilizations based their numbers on a ten-base system. In ancient Babylon, a sexagesimal (base 60) system was in use. The Decimal System in Harappa In India a decimal system was already in place during the Harappan period, as indicated by an analysis of Harappan weights and measures. Weights corresponding to ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 have been identified, as have scales with decimal divisions. A particularly notable characteristic of Harappan weights and measures is their remarkable accuracy. A bronze rod marked in units of 0.367 inches points to the degree of precision demanded in those times. Such scales were particularly important in ensuring proper implementation of town planning rules that required roads of fixed widths to run at right angles to each other, for drains to be constructed of precise measurements, and for homes to be constructed according to specified guidelines. The existence of a gradated system of accurately marked weights points to the development of trade and commerce in Harappan society.

3. Great Indian Mathematicians (c. 15001575). jyesthadeva. (550). Acyuta Pisarati. (c. 1550-1621) http://hinduism.about.com/library/weekly/extra/bl-indianmathematicians.htm

zfp=-1 About Hinduism Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Hinduism with Subhamoy Das Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Hindu Calendar 2003 Hinduism 101 Sanskrit Terms Glossary ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Great Mathematicians Mathematicians of India MATHEMATICIAN TIME PERIOD Baudhayana (700 B.C.E.) Apastamba Katyayana Umaswati (150 B.C.E.) Aryabhata (476-c. 550 C.E.) Varahamihira (c. 505-c. 558) Brahmagupta (c. 598-c. 670) Govindaswami (c. 800-850) Mahavira (Mahaviracharya) Pruthudakaswami Sridhara Manjula Aryabhata II Prashastidhara Halayudha Jayadeva Sripathi Hemachandra Suri (b. 1089) Bhaskara (1114-c. 1185) Cangadeva Madhava of Sangamagramma (c. 1340-1425) Narayama Pandit Paramesvara Nilakantha Somayaji Sankara Variar (c. 1500-1560)

4. 'Vedic Practices Provided The Inspiration For Advances In Astronomy And Mathemat savants like Govinda Bhatta, Damodara, Nilakantha Somayaji, jyesthadeva, Acyuta Pisharati and Putumana Somayaji added to http://www.bharatvani.org/general_inbox/pramod/fyicolumn.html

'Vedic practices provided the inspiration for advances in astronomy and mathematics' (Excerpted from an article by B.V.Subbarayyappa in the book India 1000 to 2000, Editor : T.J.S.George, published in December 1999 by Express Publications (Madurai) Ltd, Express Estates, Anna Salai, Chennai - 600 002. The excerpt was also published in The New Indian Express on Sunday in the FYI column on April 8, 2001.) Jyothisha (astronomy) was one of the six auxiliaries of the Vedas and the earliest Indian astronomical text goes by the name of Vedanga Jyotisha . Year-long sacrifices commenced from the day following the winter solstice and Vedic knowledge of both winter and summer solstices was fairly accurate. The Vedanga Jyotisha had developed a concept of a cycle of 5 years (one Yuga) for luni-solar and other time adjustments with intercalation at regular intervals. Indian mathematics too owes its primary inspiration to Vedic practices. The Shulba sutras, part of another Vedic auxiliary called the Kalpa sutras, deal with the construction of several types of brick altars and in that context with certain geometrical problems including the Pythagorean theorem, squaring a circle, irrational numbers and the like. Yet another Vedic auxiliary, Metrics (chandah), postulated a triangular array for determining the type of combinations of 'n' syllables of long and short sounds for metrical chanting. This was mathematically developed by Halayudha who lived in Karnataka (10th Century) into a pyramidal expansion of numbers. Such an exercise appeared six centuries later in Europe, known as Pascal's triangle. Vedic mathematics and astronomy were pragmatic and integrated with Vedic religio-philosophical life.

5. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians A list of all of the important mathematicians working in a given century.Category Science Math Mathematicians Directories...... 1600) *SB *W; jyesthadeva (c. 1550); Wilhelm Holzmann (Xylander) (15321576);Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615) *SB *W; Egnatio Danti http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html

Chronological List of Mathematicians Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan Table of Contents 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

6. Jyesthadeva jyesthadeva. Born about 1500 in Kerala, India Died about 1575 in Kerala, India. jyesthadevalived on the southwest coast of India in the district of Kerala. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jyesthadeva.html

Jyesthadeva Born: about 1500 in Kerala, India Died: about 1575 in Kerala, India Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Jyesthadeva lived on the southwest coast of India in the district of Kerala. He belonged to the Kerala school of mathematics built on the work of Madhava Nilakantha Somayaji, Paramesvara and others. Jyesthadeva wrote a famous text Yuktibhasa which he wrote in Malayalam, the regional language of Kerala. The work is a survey of Kerala mathematics and, very unusually for an Indian mathematical text, it contains proofs of the theorems and gives derivations of the rules it contains. It is one of the main astronomical and mathematical texts produced by the Kerala school. The work was based mainly on the Tantrasamgraha of Nilakantha The Yuktibhasa is a major treatise, half on astronomy and half on mathematics, written in 1501. The Tantrasamgraha on which it is based consists of 432 Sanskrit verses divided into 8 chapters, and it covers various aspects of Indian astronomy. It is based on the epicyclic and eccentric models of planetary motion. The first two chapters deal with the motions and longitudes of the planets. The third chapter Treatise on shadow deals with various problems related with the sun's position on the celestial sphere, including the relationships of its expressions in the three systems of coordinates, namely ecliptic, equatorial and horizontal coordinates.

7. Jyesthadeva Biography of jyesthadeva (15001575) jyesthadeva wrote a famous text Yuktibhasa which he wrote in Malayalam, the regional language of Kerala. http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Jyesthadeva.html

Jyesthadeva Born: about 1500 in Kerala, India Died: about 1575 in Kerala, India Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Jyesthadeva lived on the southwest coast of India in the district of Kerala. He belonged to the Kerala school of mathematics built on the work of Madhava Nilakantha Somayaji, Paramesvara and others. Jyesthadeva wrote a famous text Yuktibhasa which he wrote in Malayalam, the regional language of Kerala. The work is a survey of Kerala mathematics and, very unusually for an Indian mathematical text, it contains proofs of the theorems and gives derivations of the rules it contains. It is one of the main astronomical and mathematical texts produced by the Kerala school. The work was based mainly on the Tantrasamgraha of Nilakantha The Yuktibhasa is a major treatise, half on astronomy and half on mathematics, written in 1501. The Tantrasamgraha on which it is based consists of 432 Sanskrit verses divided into 8 chapters, and it covers various aspects of Indian astronomy. It is based on the epicyclic and eccentric models of planetary motion. The first two chapters deal with the motions and longitudes of the planets. The third chapter Treatise on shadow deals with various problems related with the sun's position on the celestial sphere, including the relationships of its expressions in the three systems of coordinates, namely ecliptic, equatorial and horizontal coordinates.

8. History Of Indian Astronomy b) Vakyakarana (AD 1300) and Drkharana by jyesthadeva (AD 1500 1610). c)Yuktibhasa by jyesthadeva on astronomy and mathematics. http://www.stormpages.com/swadhwa/hofa/ia.html

History of Indian Astronomy Suggested Text Treasures of Ancient Indian Astronomy A ncient Indians' interest in astronomy was an extension of their religious preoccupations and inasmuch, astronomy and mathematics ran parallel. Both were faithful to the needs of objectivity and subjectivity. Astronomy began as mere wonder at what was observed in the heavens above, grew into a systematic observation and speculation, hence forward into scientific inquiry and interpretation, finally emerging as a sophisticated discipline. Mystical interpretations of the movement of stars and planets developed into astrological science, and astronomy grew into a major factor in the intellectual pursuits of different cultural periods. The chief sources of astronomy-related information are the Vedic texts, Jain literature, and the siddhantas (texts), as also the endeavours in Kerala. Some seals of the Indus Valley period are believed to yield information of the knowledge available to those early settlers, as also the orientation of certain constructions clearly governed by such considerations. An interesting aspect is the Jantar Mantar observatories built by Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur. There are 5 such structures for measuring time and for astronomy-related calculations, at New Delhi, Varanasi, Jaipur, Mathura and Ujjain. These eighteenth century astrolabes are important for both scientific and architectural reasons. Sawai Jai Singh, in his determination to provide accurate astrological tables, ordered these gigantic structures of stone. The Jaipur observatory includes the largest sundial in the world with a 90 feet high projecting arm (the gnomon). The measurements achieved by these Jantar Mantars were particularly impressive for their time - the astronomical table was very accurate and in some instances, better than contemporary western ones. This table was published in Persian and Sanskrit as the Zij Muhammad Shahi. The time was and is calculated by a study of the shadows cast by the central straight walls on to the curved walls beyond. The weather forecasts and other information provided by these sundials are very much in use at present, for religious and practical purposes.

9. Historia Matematica Mailing List Archive: [HM] Indian Derivatio They also cite a 1958 paper by KV Sarma that identifies jyesthadeva as the authorof the Yuktibhasa, and they give his dates as c. 1500 - c. 1610 (sic). http://sunsite.utk.edu/math_archives/.http/hypermail/historia/aug00/0030.html

[HM] Indian derivation of sine series Subject: [HM] Indian derivation of sine series From: David M. Bressoud ( bressoud@macalester.edu Date: Mon Aug 07 2000 - 17:11:14 EDT Next message: Abe Shenitzer: "Re: [HM] About the Analytic Art." Previous message: Nimish Shah: "Re: [HM] About the Analytic Art." Next in thread: Kim Plofker: "Re: [HM] Indian derivation of sine series" Reply: Kim Plofker: "Re: [HM] Indian derivation of sine series" Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Regarding the Indian derivation of the sine and cosine series, I am confused by what I find in both the scholarly and popular literature. Below, I summarize what I have found. I ask for help: What is currently considered reliable, what is questionable, what are the current best guesses for dates and attributions? Rajagopal & Venkataram ("The sine and cosine power-series in Hindu Mathematics", J. Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. Science. 1949) assert that these series are in Nilakantha's Tantrasamgraha of ca 1500 and even quote it. The explanation of the derivation is given in the Yukti-Bhasa

10. 1500_1599 Index Mathematicians born from 1500 to 1599. (15001557) Tartaglia (1500-1575) jyesthadeva(1501-1576) Cardan (1502-1587) Nunes (1508-1555) Gemma Frisius (1510-1558 http://math.ichb.ro/History/Indexes/1500_1599.html

11. Full Chronological Index List of mathematical biographies indexed chronologically (15001557) Tartaglia. (1500-1575) jyesthadeva. (1501-1576) Cardan http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Full_Chron.html

Full Chronological Index Click below to go to one of the separate chronological indexes - 500 AD Ahmes (800 BC - 740 BC) Baudhayana (750 BC - 690 BC) Manava (624 BC - 546 BC) Thales (600 BC - 540 BC) Apastamba (580 BC - 520 BC) Pythagoras (520 BC - 460 BC) Panini (499 BC - 428 BC) Anaxagoras (492 BC - 432 BC) Empedocles (490 BC - 430 BC) Zeno of Elea (490 BC - 420 BC) Oenopides (480 BC - 420 BC) Leucippus (480 BC - 411 BC) Antiphon (470 BC - 410 BC) Hippocrates (465 BC - 398 BC) Theodorus (460 BC - 400 BC) Hippias (460 BC - 370 BC) Democritus (450 BC - 390 BC) Bryson (428 BC - 350 BC) Archytas (428 BC - 347 BC) Plato (415 BC - 369 BC) Theaetetus (408 BC - 355 BC) Eudoxus (400 BC - 350 BC) Thymaridas (396 BC - 314 BC) Xenocrates (390 BC - 320 BC) Dinostratus (387 BC - 312 BC) Heraclides (384 BC - 322 BC) Aristotle (380 BC - 320 BC) Menaechmus (370 BC - 310 BC) Callippus (360 BC - 300 BC) Aristaeus (360 BC - 290 BC) Autolycus (350 BC - 290 BC) Eudemus (325 BC - 265 BC) Euclid (310 BC - 230 BC) Aristarchus (287 BC - 212 BC) Archimedes (280 BC - 210 BC) Nicomedes (280 BC - 206 BC) Chrysippus (280 BC - 220 BC) Conon (280 BC - 220 BC) Philon (276 BC - 197 BC) Eratosthenes (262 BC - 190 BC) Apollonius (250 BC - 190 BC) Dionysodorus (240 BC - 180 BC) Diocles (200 BC - 140 BC) Zenodorus (200 BC - 140 BC) Katyayana (190 BC - 120 BC) Hipparchus (190 BC - 120 BC) Hypsicles (180 BC - 120 BC) Perseus (160 BC - 90 BC) Theodosius (150 BC - 70 BC) Zeno of Sidon (135 BC - 51 BC) Posidonius ( 10 BC - 60 AD) Geminus (10 AD - 75) Heron (10 AD - 70)

12. Madhava This is discussed in detail in 4. jyesthadeva wrote YuktiBhasain Malayalam, the regional language of Kerala, around 1550. In http://math.ichb.ro/History/Mathematicians/Madhava.html

13. GEORGE GHEVERGHESE JOSEPH'S HOME PAGE 50. (3) CHAPTERS IN BOOKS. (a) `Mathematics', `Indian Mathematics', `Indian Geometry'and `jyesthadeva' in Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and http://nt2.ec.man.ac.uk/ses/staff/ggj/

GEORGE GHEVERGHESE JOSEPH HOME PAGE A DDRESS BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS PUBLICATIONS ... LECTURES AND SEMINARS ADDRESS School of Economic Studies, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom Telephone Fax: (044) 0161-275-4812 E-mail Address George.Joseph@man.ac.uk BIOGRAPHICAL DETAIL S Aryabhateeyam , which was held in Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala, India. He has appeared in radio and televisions programmes in India, United States, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand as well as United Kingdom. His publications include three books: Women at Work ( Philip Allan, Oxford, 1983), The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics ( 1st Hardback Edition, Tauris, 1991; 1st Paperback Edition, Penguin 1992, 2nd Edition, Penguin Books and Princeton University Press, 2000) and Multicultural Mathematics: Teaching Mathematics from a Global Perspective (Oxford University Press, 1993). He is also the author of about 70 articles and chapters in books. He is at present working on two projects: a history of Indian mathematics and a biography of his grandfather, George Joseph, a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Jawarhalal Nehru and other leaders of modern India. PUBLICATIONS 1. BOOKS

14. Nilakantha appeared and, somewhat later in about 1550, jyesthadeva published a commentary entitled Yuktibhasa that contained proofs http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Nilakantha.html

Nilakantha Somayaji Born: 14 June 1444 in Trkkantiyur (near Tirur), Kerala, India Died: 1544 in India Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Nilakantha was born into a Namputiri Brahmin family which came from South Malabar in Kerala. The Nambudiri is the main caste of Kerala. It is an orthodox caste whose members consider themselves descendants of the ancient Vedic religion. He was born in a house called Kelallur which it is claimed coincides with the present Etamana in the village of Trkkantiyur near Tirur in south India. His father was Jatavedas and the family belonged to the Gargya gotra, which was a Indian caste that prohibits marriage to anyone outside the caste. The family followed the Ashvalayana sutra which was a manual of sacrificial ceremonies in the Rigveda, a collection of Vedic hymns. He worshipped the personified deity Soma who was the "master of plants" and the healer of disease. This explains the name Somayaji which means he was from a family qualified to conduct the Soma ritual. Now Nilakantha studied astronomy and Vedanta, one of the six orthodox systems of Indian Hindu philosophy, under the teacher Ravi. He was also taught by Damodra who was the son of

15. Mbox: History Of Mathematics In Ancient India. -Part-1/2 1350), Paramesvara (13601455), Nilakantha Somayaji (1455-1555), SankaraVariar (c. 1500-1560), Narayana (c. 1500-1575), jyesthadeva (fl. http://www.indianetwork.org/res/art/0002.html

History of Mathematics in ancient India. -Part-1/2 India-D Editor ( editor@indnet.org Sat, 24 May 1997 14:41:23 -0400 (EDT) Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Next message: India-D Editor: "History of Mathematics in ancient India.- Part-2/2." Previous message: K.V. Rao: "India - AP "We do not want liquor in our village"" Date: Fri, 23 May 1997 15:59:40 -0400 (EDT) Subject: History of Mathematics in ancient India. -Part-1/2 Part 1/2 Someone wanted to know what is the sourse of the so called 'Arab numerals'. The source is India and they are called 'Hindu numerals' by experts and not 'Indian numerals' as a few claimed on IDD. Here is a partial list of Mathematicians from India: Baudhayana (fl. 700 B.C.E.), Apastamba (fl. 600), Katyayana (fl. 500), Umaswati (fl. 150 B.C.E.), Aryabhata (476-c. 550 C.E.), Varahamihira (c. 505-c. 558), Brahmagupta (c. 598-c. 670), Govindaswami (c. 800-850), Mahavira (Mahaviracharya) (fl. 850), Pruthudakaswami (fl. 850), Sridhara (fl. 900), Manjula (fl. 930), Aryabhata II (fl. 950), Prashastidhara (fl. 958), Halayudha (fl. 975), Jayadeva (fl.

16. Re Swamiji .on Indian Mathematicians By Swami SuhastAnanda On Since jyesthadeva describes Madhava's arctan series so well, he should postdateBrahmagupta by at least seven centuries. Interesting quote, this! http://www.sulekha.com/philosophy/messages/29475.html

17. NewsLand - Article Not Found Translate this page Charles Whish pubblicò un articolo nel quale faceva riferimento a quattro opere,Tantra Samgraha di Nilakantha, Yuktibhasa di jyesthadeva, Karana Paddhati di http://new.newsland.it/nr/article/it.cultura.classica/1206.html

NewsLand Elenco Messaggi Segnala ad un Amico Elenco Messaggi Segnala ad un Amico Aiutaci a migliorare I temerari che vogliono aiutarci a testare i nuovi servizi MyNewsland possono provare a registrarsi e diventare betatester di http://www.mynl.it/ cliccando qui segnalateci gli errori e i vostri suggerimenti! Usaci come HomePage! cosa pensi di boxino? MyNL.it Aiutaci a testare le nuove funzioni per gli utenti registrati; clicca su MyNL.it e diventa betatester di newsland! sondaggio Clicca qui per partecipare al sondaggio links DimoCom Netsys ForumLand Apsis ultimissime Raddoppiati i web server di Newsland!! Segnala a staff@newsland.it i gruppi che vorresti leggere su NewsLand.it!!! Home Informazioni e-mail

18. Www.math.ku.dk/~ramskov/3mh-f98/rene/bioindex.txt 298 286 De numeris datis (On given Numbers) jyesthadeva (15001610) Yuktibh_s_ 451K Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630) Graz, Prag 374 Mysterium Cosmographicum 1596 http://www.math.ku.dk/~ramskov/3mh-f98/rene/bioindex.txt

19. Mathematicians Giovanni Battista Benedetti (15301590) *SB *W. Cunradus Dasypodius (c. 1530-1600)*SB *W. jyesthadeva (c. 1550). Wilhelm Holzmann (Xylander) (1532-1576). http://www.chill.org/csss/mathcsss/mathematicians.html

List of Mathematicians printed from: http://aleph0.clarku.edu:80/~djoyce/mathhist/mathhist.html 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *mt 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *mt Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *mt Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *mt Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *mt Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB Hippias of Elis (fl. c. 425) *SB *mt Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 425) Socrates (469-399) Philolaus of Croton (d. c. 390) *SB Democritus of Abdera (c. 460-370) *SB *mt 400 B.C.E. Hippasus of Metapontum (or of Sybaris or Croton) (c. 400?) Archytas of Tarentum (of Taras) (c. 428-c. 347) *SB *mt Plato (427-347) *SB *MT Theaetetus of Athens (c. 415-c. 369) *mt Leodamas of Thasos (fl. c. 380) *SB

20. .:::: 2002.08.19 Common-Place Book ::::. A Blog contributions. Madhava was from Kerala and his work there inspireda school of followers such as Nilakantha and jyesthadeva. Some http://www.backspace.com/common/20020819.html

Home Selected Archives Links ... Contact ..:: "as they flit like so many little bees Recent Enemy Mine A recent article by Walidah Imarisha contrasts the "big money rappers [who] have fallen in line to rally 'round the flag" with "underground hip hop [which] is speaking out against the "war on terrorism"." It's true that the underground has produced several songs critical of post-9/11 war fever. Paris' " What Would You Do " and Sage Francis' " Makeshift Patriot ," for examples not cited by WI, are scathing in questioning the motivations for the War. One of the examples WI gives of "big money rappers," though, is MC Hammer, who hasn't had big money in a long, long time. Hammer's Active Duty is a feeble attempt by a has-been MC to milk patriotic sentiment. So too is Canibus' " Draft Me ," with its overwrought lines about murdering monkeys and bloody turbans. But the album it was on was a spectacular failure, and anyway, isn't Canibus the quintessential underground mc? The Billboard-topping tribute record, "Ground Zero (In Our Hearts You Will Remain)," is the debut of a couple of otherwise unknown rappers, Cash and Computa, who are underground according to at least one person. (I should also say that neither I nor anyone I know has actually heard this song, though they're apparently from NY.)

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