21. IJ Index ibn Sina (Avicenna) (1965*), ibn Sinan, Ibrahim (688) ibn Tahir (947) ibn Tibbon,Jacob (198) ibn yunus, abu'lhasan (1312) ibn Yusuf Ahmed (660), Ibrahim, ibn http://www.math.hcmuns.edu.vn/~algebra/history/history/Indexes/IJ.html

22. XYZ Index 800) Young, Grace Chisholm (583*) Young, William (112*) Yule, George (209*), yunus,abu'lhasan ibn (1312) Yushkevich, Adolph P (579) Yusuf Ahmed ibn(660). http://www.math.hcmuns.edu.vn/~algebra/history/history/Indexes/XYZ.html

23. Muwatta Of Muhammad Ibn Al-Hasan Ash-Shaybani Malik informed us, yunus ibn Yusuf informed us from Sa'id ibn al Abi Dhu'ayb informedus from Yazid ibn 'Abdullah ibn Qusayt from abu'lhasan al-Bazzar http://www.bogvaerker.dk/Bookwright/muwatta.html

The Muwatta of Muhammad Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ash-Shaybani This is the narration of the Muwatta which the Hanafi imam Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ash-Shaybani narrated from Imam Malik. Book of Sales in trading and deferred sales 1. the sale of 'Ariyas 756. Malik informed us, "Nafi' informed us from 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar from Zayd ibn Thabit that the Messenger of Allah, salla'llahu 'alaihi wa sallam, gave a concession for the owner of an 'Ariyah to sell it for an estimated amount [of its date produce]." [The 'Ariya is a date-palm which is granted to a poor person for him to take its dates. In view of his poverty it is permitted him to sell the dates on the tree for other dates already harvested, a practice which is not ordinarily permitted-Translator] 757. Malik informed us, "Dawud ibn al-Husayn informed us that Abu Sufyan the mawla of Ibn Abi Ahmad informed him from Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah, salla'llahu 'alaihi wa sallam, granted a concession concerning the sale of 'Ariyas in respect of that which is less than five wasqs or equal to five wasqs. Dawud was in doubt and did not know whether he said five or less than five." [The wasq is a measure equivalent to sixty sa's.]

24. Mathematicians Abd alJalil al-Sijzi (c. 970). abu'l-hasan ibn yunus (950-1009)*mt. Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn al-Knidr al-Khujandi (dc 1000) *SB. Abu http://www.chill.org/csss/mathcsss/mathematicians.html

List of Mathematicians printed from: http://aleph0.clarku.edu:80/~djoyce/mathhist/mathhist.html 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *mt 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *mt Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *mt Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *mt Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *mt Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB Hippias of Elis (fl. c. 425) *SB *mt Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 425) Socrates (469-399) Philolaus of Croton (d. c. 390) *SB Democritus of Abdera (c. 460-370) *SB *mt 400 B.C.E. Hippasus of Metapontum (or of Sybaris or Croton) (c. 400?) Archytas of Tarentum (of Taras) (c. 428-c. 347) *SB *mt Plato (427-347) *SB *MT Theaetetus of Athens (c. 415-c. 369) *mt Leodamas of Thasos (fl. c. 380) *SB

25. Lebensdaten Von Mathematikern Translate this page William Henry (20.10.1863 - 7.7.1942) Young, Grace Chisholm (15.3.1868 - 1944) Yule,George Udny (18.2.1871 - 26.6.1951) yunus, abu'l-hasan ibn (950 - 1009). http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/lebensdaten.html

Diese Seite ist dem Andenken meines Vaters Otto Hebisch (1917 - 1998) gewidmet. By our fathers and their fathers in some old and distant town from places no one here remembers come the things we've handed down. Marc Cohn Dies ist eine Sammlung, die aus verschiedenen Quellen stammt, u. a. aus Jean Dieudonne, Geschichte der Mathematik, 1700 - 1900, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1985. Helmut Gericke, Mathematik in Antike und Orient - Mathematik im Abendland, Fourier Verlag, Wiesbaden 1992. Otto Toeplitz, Die Entwicklung der Infinitesimalrechnung, Springer, Berlin 1949. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive A B C ... Z Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998) Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843)

26. Full Alphabetical Index Translate this page XYZ. Yang Hui (190) Yates Frank (439*) Youden, William (54) Young, William (112*)Young, Grace Chisholm (112*) Yule, George (209*) yunus, abu'l-hasan ibn (182). http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Plains/4142/matematici.html

Completo Indice Alfabetico Cliccare su una lettera sottostante per andare a quel file. A B C D ... XYZ Cliccare sotto per andare agli indici alfabetici separati A B C D ... XYZ Il numero di parole nella biografia e' dato in parentesi. Un * indica che c'e' un ritratto. A Abbe , Ernst (602*) Abel , Niels Henrik (286*) Abraham bar Hiyya (240) Abraham, Max Abu Kamil Shuja (59) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (243) Ackermann , Wilhelm (196) Adams, John Couch Adams, Frank Adelard of Bath (89) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (79) Aepinus , Franz (124) Agnesi , Maria (196*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (60) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (114) Aiken , Howard (94) Airy , George (313*) Aitken , Alexander (825*) Ajima , Chokuyen (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al'Battani , Abu Allah (194) al'Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (306*) al'Haitam , Abu Ali (269*) al'Kashi , Ghiyath (73) al'Khwarizmi , Abu (123*) Albanese , Giacomo (282) Albert of Saxony Albert, Abraham Adrian (121*) (158*) Alberti , Leone (181*) Alberto Magno, San (109*) Alcuin di York (237*) Aleksandrov , Pave (160*) Alembert , Jean d' (291*) Alexander , James (163) Amringe , Howard van (354*) Amsler , Jacob (82) Anassagora di Clazomenae (169) Anderson , Oskar (67) Andreev , Konstantin (117) Angeli , Stefano degli (234) Anstice , Robert (209) Antemio of Tralles (55) Antifone il Sofista (125) Apollonio di Perga (276) Appell , Paul (1377) Arago , Dominique (345*) Arbogasto , Louis (87) Arbuthnot , John (251*) Archimede di Siracusa (467*) Archita of Tarentum (103) Argand , Jean (81) Aristeo il Vecchio (44) Aristarco di Samo (183) Aristotele Arnauld , Antoine (179)

27. Prediction Of Own Death Islam 2. abu'lhasan Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn yunus. http//www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/yunus.html.Born http://auriol.free.fr/parapsychologie/saints_autres.htm

Prediction of own Death in catholic and non-catholic cultures (excerpt of web chosen par Dr Bernard Auriol) In our page regarding Saints predictor of their own death, we pointed out that in other cults and cultures, there is, by the world, many other famous women and men who were able to do so. Here is some examples... Polytheism Dieux de Hawaï The old gods were disavowed just prior to the coming of Christian missionaries in 1820. Temple idols were pushed over and destroyed, but often commoners were faced with the problem of what to do with stone images that represented various gods, since neglect of the idols might cause unknown disasters. One stone god literally re-surfaced in 1885. An old man who lived with his son and a brother and sister near a fish pond in Kawaihae on the Big Island, woke them all one night, commanding his son to catch three fish from the pond. The girl was told to chew a mouthful of awa and her brother was told to climb a tree for coconuts. The old man directed them to dig in a certain place, where they uncovered a stone idol. The old man circled the idol's neck with coconuts, laid the fish in front of it and poured the awa over its mouth. He told the three young people the god's name was Kane; then he predicted his own death. In three days he was gone. The stone idol is now displayed at Bishop Museum on O'ahu, an intriguing reminder of the mana, the power, the Hawaiian gods once embodied. Today, though the gods may have disappeared from every day life, in many Hawaiian households, they will never be completely forgotten.

28. Titres Par Discipline Translate this page 201, Quelques détails sur la vie privée du sultan mérinide abu'l-hasan, BLACHERE. 2600,La fondation de Badajoz par Abd al-Rahman ibn yunus Al-Jilliki (fin http://www.geuthner.com/discipline_livres.asp?iRef=3

29. Muhammadanism - Resources Ali ibn Abi Talib, Selected Compiled by asSayyid abu'l-hasan Muhammad ibn A summaryof the contents of a manuscript which contains yunus ibn Bukayr's report http://muhammadanism.org/Resources/default.htm

Resources Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth. 2 Tim 2:15 (KJV) Home Revelation Muhammad Islam ... Search Resources Web Links Bibles Book Stores Christian Resources Churches ... Arabic language Outreach Topics Afghanistan Apostasy Archaeology ... Terrorism Books General Apologetic Christian Muslim Dictionaries Hadith ... Terrorism Theology Moral Muslim Natural Sacred Web Resources A Critique of Islamic Jihad : This site provides an excellent review of Islamic Jihad from a Qur'anic and historical perspective. : This site provides lessons on salvation. Sons of Ishmael : Arabic site Answering Islam : This site has extensive information with search capabilities of its Christian/Muslim topics. International Seminar for Oriental Studies : This site provides a concordance for the Arabic Bible and Qur'an. Comparative Index to Islam : From the Qur'an, Hadiths, Taurat, Injil, and other sources. - The Critic Understanding Islam : Christian Broadcasting Network offers articles on Islam. Top of Page.

30. Chapter One: Commentary By Ibn 'Ajiba Shaykh abu'lhasan ash-Shadhili said, The adab of the Whoever abandons managementhas rest. Sahl ibn 'Abdullah said Reflect on the case of yunus when he http://www.wponline.org/vil/Books/IA_Hikmah/hikamcom1.html

Click to subscribe to witness-pioneer mailing list Waking Aspiration ( Commentary on the Hikam by Ibn 'Ajiba Chapter One A feeling of discouragement when you slip up is a sure sign that you put your faith in deeds. Reliance on a thing means to lean on it and to put one's trust in it. Deeds are the actions of either the heart or the body. If an action is in harmony with the Shari'a, it is called obedience. If it is contrary to the Shari'a, it is called disobedience. The people of this science divide actions into three categories: actions of the Shari'a, actions of the Tariqa, and actions of Reality. This can be re-phrased as actions of Islam, actions of faith and actions of ihsan , or actions of worship, actions of slavedom and actions of pure slavedom, which is freedom. Or it can be referred to as the actions of the people of the beginning, the actions of the people in the middle and the actions of the people of the end. The Shari'a is that you worship Him; the Tariqa is that You aim for Him, and the reality is that you witness Him. You could also say that the Shari'a is putting the outward right, Tariqa is putting the conscience right, and the reality is putting the secret right. Putting the limbs right is achieved by three matters: tawba taqwa and rectitude. Putting hearts right is achieved by three matters: sincerity (

31. Bukhari42 yunus and anNu'man related from az-Zuhri, And his blessings. . ibn Ka'b relatedthat ibn 'Abbas told him that 'Ali ibn Abi Talib People asked, O abu'l-hasan! http://bewley.virtualave.net/bukhari42.html

Chapter 82. Book of Asking Permission to Enter I. Initiating the Greeting 5873. Hammam related from Abu Hurayra that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "Allah created Adam on His form and his height was sixty cubits. When He created him, He said, 'Go and greet that group angels and listen to how they greet you. It will be your greeting and the greeting of your descendants.' He said, 'Peace be upon you,' and they said, 'Peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah,' and they added, 'and the mercy of Allah.' Everyone who enters the Garden will be in form of Adam. People have been getting shorter until now." II. Chapter. The words of Allah Almighty, Sa'id ibn Abi'l-Hasan said to al-Hasan, "Non-Arab women show their chests and heads." He said, "Avert your gaze from them. Allah Almighty says, 'Say to the believing men that they should lower their eyes and guard their private parts.' (24:30) Qatada said, 'They guard them from what is not lawful for them. "Say to the believing women that they should lower their eyes and guard their private parts. "The dishonesty of eyes" (40:19) refers to looking at what is forbidden.

32. Islamic Community Of Greater Cincinnati -Articles- Taraweeh The Prosteration To yunus ibn 'Abdu'lA'la said, He is the master of In it, 'Abdullah ibn 'Amr ibn al'Asreportedthat he abu'l-hasan al-Qabisi related that he said, A man came http://www.cincimasjid.com/tadhkir/tabi_sahnun.html

Reproduced from Shaykha Aisha Bewley's translation of ul-Tartib ul-Madarik Sahnun ibn Sa'id ibn Habib at-Tanukhi (c. 160/776-7 - 240/854-5) The famous Maliki jurist of Qayrawan, author of the Mudawwana His kunya was Abu Sa'id. His family was was Syrian from Hims. His father Sa'id came in the army of Hims. His son Muhammad said, "I asked, 'My father, are we descended from Tanukh?' He said to me, 'What need do you have of that?' I continued at him until he told me, 'Yes, and that will not avail anything with Allah.'" Sahnun was his title. His name was actually 'Abdu's-Salam. One of the shaykhs of the people of hadith reported that one of the shaykhs of North Africa said, "Sahnun was named after a sharp bird because of his sharpness in questions of fiqh Concerning his quest and journey Sahnun studied knowledge in the Qayrawan with its shaykhs: Abu Kharija, Bahlul, 'Ali ibn Ziyad, Ibn Abi Hassan, Ibn Ghanim, Ibn Ashras, Ibn Abi Karima, hir brother Habib, Mu'awiya as-Samadahi and Abu Ziyad ar-Ra'ini. His son said, "He went out to Egypt at the beginning of 178 AH while Malik was still alive. Malik died when he was 18 or 17. He travelled to Ibn Ziyad in Tunis during the time when Ibn Bukayr travelled to Malik."

33. Selected Listing Of Persian/Arabic Bahá'í Books In The Library Of Ahang Rabban based on Bombay 1894 ed) Shaykhu'rRa'is, abu'l-hasan Mirza, Hirat Taban printing),1351 Sh, 259 pages Tabari, Muhammad-ibn Jarir, Tarikh Afrukhtih, yunus Khan. http://bahai-library.org/archives/ahang.rabbani.html

in the Library of Ahang Rabbani Ahang Rabbani 17310 DeChirico Circle Spring, Texas Ph: 281-376-1903 email Ahang.Rabbani@usa.dupont.com Contents: I. Baha'u'llah II. Babis: A. The Bab B. Quddus III. 'Abdu'l-Baha IV. Shoghi Effendi V. The Universal House of Justice VI. Selection from the Writings VII. Baha'i Writers VIII. Persian Books Related to the Faith IX. Persian Books of Interest X. English Books of Interest XI. Theses on the Faith XII. Periodicals XIII. Pilgrim's Notes XIV. Desiderata: A. Manuscripts B. Printed Books Back to top of page I. Baha'u'llah Abvabu'l-Malakut , Beirut, 1975, 68 pages Ad'iyyih-i-Hadrat-i-Mahbub , Germany, 1980, 480 pages Alwah-i-Hadrat-i-Baha'u'llah Ila'l-Muluk-va'l-Ru'asa , Brazil, 140 BE, 148 pages Aqdas-i-Buzurg (and other Tablets), 1307 H, handwriting of Zayn Athar-i-Qalam-i-A'la, v. 1, (Kitab-i-Mubin), Iran, 120 BE Athar-i-Qalam-i-A'la , v. 2, India, 1314 H, 214 pages and table of contents Athar-i-Qalam-i-A'la , v. 3, Iran, 121 BE, 272 pages

34. The Origins And Early Development Of Shi`a Islam mention should first be made of abu'lhasan b. A are recorded by Kashshi from Dawudb. yunus and Khalid b fundamental (furu'), are given by Shaykh ibn Babawayh al http://www.karbala-najaf.org/shiaism/289-316.htm

Chapter 11 The Doctrine of the Imamate It has been explained in detail in the preceding chapter how the activist claimants of the House of `Ali were crushed, their apparently popular movements collapsed one after the other, and the `Abbasids finally managed to firmly establish themselves as the sole authority of both the state and religion. A process of assimilation was set into motion and most of the Cross-currents represented by a number of politic-religious or religio-political groups were gradually being absorbed, under the patronage of the state authority, into a synthesis to be known as the Jama`a, which was supposed to support and in turn was supported by the 'Abbasid caliphate. In this setting the strategic task of the Imam Ja`far as-Sadiq was to save the basic ideal of Shi`ism from absorption by the emerging synthesis on the one hand, and to purify it from extremist and activist tendencies within itself on the other. Thus the circumstances in which the Imamate of Ja`far happened to fall afforded him a unique opportunity, denied to his father and grandfather, to firmly establish and explain

35. Belief In The Hereafter by abu'lhasan (c) Al-Jumu`ah magazine Death and the Grave The saved from it, itwould have been Sa`d ibn Mu`adh And you shall not escape. (10) yunus, 53. http://webpages.marshall.edu/~laher1/akhirah.html

Belief in the Last Day by Abu'l-Hasan (c) "Al-Jumu`ah" magazine Death and the Grave The Approach of Judgement Day The Resurrection and Gathering The Questioning and Reckoning ... The Balance, the Path, Intercession, Heaven and Hell Death and the Grave "And the agony of death comes with the Truth; that is what you used to flee from!" [(50) Qaaf, 19] Death is the separation of the soul from the body, and we all know that it is inevitable. It is the event which marks our transition from this world into the Hereafter. Whenever `Uthman radiallahu `anhu used to stand over a grave, he used to weep until his beard became soaked. Someone said to him, "Heaven and Hell are mentioned, and you do not weep, and [yet] the grave is mentioned, and you weep, [how is this] ?" He said, "I heard the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) say : The grave is the first stage of the Hereafter. So, if he is saved from it, that which is after it will be easier, whereas if he is not saved from it, then that which is after it will be more severe." (Related by Tirmidhi) Belief in the events following death is an integral part of the Islamic doctrine. Although the existence of the Hereafter is rationally admissible, the exact details of it can only be acquired through communication from the Creator, for these events fall in the realm of the Unseen. Thus, all one may demand as proofs in this matter are verses of the Qur'an and authentic ahadith. Having become convinced of the veracity of the Prophet Muhammad sallallahu `alayhe wa-sallam, the believer has no hesitance in accepting what he has brought.

36. Chapter 11 mention should first be made of abu'lhasan b. A recorded by Kashshi from Dawud b.yunus and Khalid b fundamental ( furu' ), are given by Shaykh ibn Babawayh al http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/books/history/origins-development-shia-islam/13.

Chapter 11 The Doctrine of the Imamate It has been explained in detail in the preceding chapter how the activist claimants of the House of Ali were crushed, their apparently popular movements collapsed one after the other, and the Abbasids finally managed to firmly establish themselves as the sole authority of both the state and religion. A process of assimilation was set into motion and most of the cross- currents represented by a number of politico-religious or religio-political groups were gradually being absorbed, under the patronage of the state authority, into a synthesis to be known as the Jama'a , which was supposed to support and in turn was supported by the Abbasid caliphate. or that there was any designation of the next Imam by the preceding one. Nor did Muhammad an-Nafs az-Zakiya or his brother Ibrahim ever resort to the principle of Nass from any preceding authority. On the contrary, as Ash'ari points out

37. Math 461/561 Short Biographies abu'lhasan ibn yunus, submitted by Susan Neal URL of Original Biographyhttp//www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/yunus.html. http://www.math.tntech.edu/classes/m461-97-biogs.html

Math 461/561 Short Biographies Excerpts and comments on some biographies from the St. Andrews University History of Mathematics Site at http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/ Al' Biruni , submitted by Tim Amnott Excerpts: Al'Biruni's contributions to science are of major importance. He believed that the Earth rotated on its axis and made accurate calculations of latitude and longitude. In 1000 he wrote on calendars and in 1030 he wrote al Qanun al-Mas'udi which contains a collection of 23 observations of equinoxes beginning with observations by Hipparchus and Ptolemy and ending with two observations which he made himself. He also wrote a treatise on timekeeping, wrote on the astrolabe and a mechanical calendar. He makes interesting observations on the velocity of light, stating that its velocity is immense compared with that of sound. Comments: By pure luck, I found another mathemetician who contributed to the body of work that existed before the Age of Exploration that proved that the world was not flat. I still don't believe that teachers actually taught (or at least implied) that Colombus proved that the world was round. That much was already known. The only pieces missing were reliable maps of where land masses were. By-the-way, Where did Columbus get his data on the circumference of the world? Others had already calculated a much more accurate number. Nina Bari , submitted by Misty D. Waller

38. Tara's World Of Islam: Jinn ibn Taimiya stated, Concerning curing the possessed by means of incantations and insurah AlBaqarah (2102), Al-Araaf (3117-119), yunus (1079 By abu'l-hasan. http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/scarves/jinn.html

Tara's World Of Islam: Jinn THE REAL GHOSTS: JINN This incident took place in United Arab Emirates. One night some men were camping and they heard noises. They went to investigate and the noises led them to a cave. At the mouth of the cave they saw an old man. They asked him who he was and asked about the noises, etc. He told them that he lived in the cave and not to enter. The men didn't believe him, they thought he was just being senile. When they entered the cave it was pitch dark inside. One of the men had a camera with him and took a picture in order to light up the inside of the cave. He died instantly. The old man was nowhere to be seen. The men called the police and told them what happened. The police took the camera to get the film developed. Meanwhile it was learned that the man had died of a massive heart attack. When the police got the pictures back, the picture revealed a jinnee on the wall of the cave. TYPES OF JINN (Taken from the book - "The World of the Jinn and Devils", p. 7 Ibn Abdul Barr said, "The jinn, according to the scholars of the language, are of different types: If one is mentioning the jinn purely of themselves, the are called jinni.*

39. History Of Islamic Science - The Time Of Abu-l-wafa Abul-Hasan Ali ibn Abi-l-Rijal al-Saibani al-Katib al-Maghribi ibn yunus Abu HasanAli ibn abi Sa'id Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmed ibn yunus (or ibn yunus) al-Sadafi http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam17.html

History of Islamic Science 6 Based on the book Introduction to the History of Science by George Sarton (provided with photos and portraits) Edited and prepared by Prof. Hamed A. Ead These pages are edited by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead, Professor of Chemistry at the Faculty of Science -University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt and director of the Science Heritage Center E-mail: ead@frcu.eun.eg Web site: http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/html/hamed2.htm Back to Islamic Alchemy The Time of Al-Biruni First Half of Eleventh Century Muslim Mathematics and astronomy It is almost like passing from the shade to the open sun and from a sleepy world into one tremendously active. For the sake of convenience, I divide Muslim mathematicians into three groups: those of the West, those of Egypt, who occupied, so to speak, an intermediate position, and those of the East. This is also a logical division, for though communications between the eastern and western ends of the Islam were frequent (there were a number of itinerant scholars to whom the universality of Islam seems to have been a continual provocation to move on from place to place), it is clear that local influences were felt more constantly and to greater advantage. I named these Eastern mathematicians, as well as possible, in chronological order. This does not, perhaps, bring out with sufficient clearness the full complexity of their activities. In the first place, observe that, I did not mention a single astrologer; only one named in this section flourished not in the East, but in the orthodox Tunis, where there was much less freedom of thought. In the second place, if we leave out of account the astronomical work, which was determined by practical necessities, we find that there were two distinct streams of mathematical thought: the one theoretical represented by Ibn al-Husain, Abu-l-Jud, and al-Karkhi, the other, more practical, represented by al-Nasawi and Ibn Tahir. Al-Biruni and Ibn Sina can not be included in that classification, for they were equally in the most abstruse and in the most practical questions; they had no contempt for humble means, for there are no small matters for great minds.

40. History Of Islamic Science - The Time Of Abu-l-wafa astronomy (the two others being due to ibn yunus, first half RABI ibn ZAID Rabi ibnZaid alUsquf Muslim Medicine AHMED AL-TABARI Abu-l-Hasan Ahmed ibn Mohammed http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html

History of Islamic Science 5 Based on the book Introduction to the History of Science by George Sarton (provided with photos and portraits) Edited and prepared by Prof. Hamed A. Ead These pages are edited by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead, Professor of Chemistry at the Faculty of Science -University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt and director of the Science Heritage Center E-mail: ead@frcu.eun.eg Web site: http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/html/hamed2.htm Back to Islamic Alchemy The Time of Abu-l-Wafa Second Half of Tenth Century The period which we have just tried to analyze, and then to reconstruct, was on the whole one of comparative rest. There was no retrogression, but the advance of mankind, which had been so vigorously accelerated during the ninth century through the youthful energy of Islam, was then distinctly slowed up. It is not the first time that we thus witness a momentary quieting down of human activity; on the contrary, we have already had occasion to observe many such periods of fallow. e. g., the first half of the second century B. C., the second half of the fifth, the second half of the sixth, the second half of the seventh, the first half of the eighth. But in each case the slowing up was followed by a new acceleration. To come back to the second half of the tenth century, we shall see presently that it was a period of renewed activity in almost every field; the partial fallowness of the first half of the century was thus amply rewarded by more abundant crops and mankind was able to make a few more leaps forward.

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