21. Penn Library-Van Pelt/Middle East/Franklin Arabic July Week 2 NT Includes bibliographical references (p. 323345). AU ibn sinan, ibrahim, 908-946. Astronomy,Arab. NT Title on added tp The works of ibrahim ibn sinan. http://www.library.upenn.edu/vanpelt/collections/mideast/archive/frarajul2.html

22. Reviews AS Saidan, The works of ibrahim ibn sinan, Kuwayt 1983, in Mathematical Reviews86i01008. Kh. Jaouiche, La théorie des parallèles en pays d'Islam. http://www.math.uu.nl/people/hogend/reviews.html

Book reviews by Jan P. Hogendijk Book reviews in Dutch (recensies in het Nederlands) Book reviews in English Roshdi Rashed, Ahmed Djebbar, Aleppo: Institute for the History of Arabic Science 1981, in Zentralblatt der Mathematik J. Sesiano, Book IV to VII of Diophantus' Arithmetica in the Arabic translation attributed to Qusta ibn Luqa. New York etc. (Springer) 1982, in: Historia Mathematica H. Gericke, Mathematik in Antike und Orient , Berlin: Springer, 1984, in Centaurus Alireza Djafari Naini, , Braunschweig: Klose, 1982, in Historia Mathematica 12 (1985), 295-296, see also Mathematical Reviews Ali A. Al-Daffa and John J. Stroyls, Studies in the Exact Sciences in Medieval Islam , in: British Journal for the Philosophy of Science Sezgin, F, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. Band V: Mathematik bis ca. 430 H. Band VI. Astronomie bis ca. 430 H. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974-8, in Mathematical Reviews Rashed, R, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1984, in: Mathematical Reviews A.S. Saidan, The works of Ibrahim ibn Sinan, Kuwayt 1983, in

23. Paul Luckey (1884-1949) of Islamic mathematics Paul Luckey (18841949) will appear in the edition of Luckey's1941 dissertation on an Arabic treatise by ibrahim ibn sinan (909-946) on http://www.math.uu.nl/people/hogend/luckey.html

The following biography of the historian of Islamic mathematics Paul Luckey (1884-1949) will appear in the edition of Luckey's 1941 dissertation on an Arabic treatise by Ibrahim ibn Sinan (909-946) on sundials, to be published by the Institute for History of Arabic-Islamic Science in Frankfurt. The same book will contain a bibliography of Paul Luckey. C. Paul Luckey (1884-1949) Paul Luckey was one of the foremost historians of Arabic-Islamic mathematics in the 20th century. The following biography has been compiled from the Lebenslauf on pp. 199-200 of his dissertation and from the information which has kindly been provided by Prof. Dr. Anton Schall (Heidelberg) and Frau Dr. Katharina Seifert (Heidelberg), who both knew Luckey. Christian Paul Luckey was born on December 26, 1884, in Elberfeld near Wuppertal in Germany. He studied mathematics, science and philosophy in Marburg, Berlin and Munich. He became a highschool teacher in his native town of Elberfeld from 1912 to 1924. His teaching career was interrupted by World War I. Between 1915 and 1918 he fought in the German army in various battles in Belgium and he was severely wounded in the summer of 1916. In 1924 he moved to Marburg, where he worked as a grammar-school teacher until his early retirement in 1932. In 1924 and 1928 he also taught applied mathematics and history of mathematics at the University of Marburg. Luckey published a paper ([42] in the bibliography) in the Nazi journal Deutsche Mathematik , and in some of his papers there are statements about the supposed Aryan origin of al-Biruni and other medieval Islamic mathematicians. However, the publications of Luckey are apolitical and he may have added the above-mentioned sentences to facilitate the publication of his papers under the Hitler regime.

24. Matematikçiler ibrahim ibn sinan. Dogum 908, Bagdat. ibrahim ibn sinan, Thabit ibn Qurra’nintorunudur. Gometri ve astronomi alaninda ögrenim görmüstür. http://www.sanalmatematik.com/d/m60.html

s a n a l m a t e m a t i k c o m kütüphane e -test yazýlar yarýþma ... linkler Ýbrahim Ýbn Sinan Doðum: 908, Baðdat Ölüm: 946, Baðdat Ýbrahim ibn Sinan, Thabit ibn Qurra’nýn torunudur. Gometri ve astronomi alanýnda öðrenim görmüþtür. Yaþamýnda, saygý duyulan bir matematikçi olacak bir üne kavuþmuþtur. Tarihçi F. Sezgin’in, Ýbrahim ibn Sinan’ýn, ortaçaðýn en önemli müslüman matematikçilerinden biri olduðunu söylemiþtir. Ýbrahim’in en önemli çalýþmasý parabolün karelemesi konusunda olmuþtur. Bu konuda, Arþimed’in yönteminden daha genel bir integrasyon yöntemi geliþtirmiþtir. Ýbrahim’in büyükbabasý, ünlü matematikçi Thabit ibn Qurra da integrasyon üzerine çalýþmýþ, ancak Ýbrahim’e göre büyükbabasýnýn bu konudaki çalýþmalarý yetersiz kalmýþtýr ve geliþtirilmesi gerekmektedir. Ýbrahim’in çalýþmalarý kendi yazýlarýndan öðrenilmiþtir. Geometri ve astronomi çalýþmalarýný liste halinde Arapça olarak yazmýþtýr. Üç konik cismin çizimi adlý eserinde Ýbrahim, parabol, hiperbol ve elipsin çizimi hakkýnda bilgi vermiþtir. Parabolün ölçülmesi adlý eserinde parabolün bir parçasýnýn alanýnýn, parabolün içine yerleþtirilmiþ üçgenin alanýnýn dörtte üçü olduðuna iliþkin çok güzel bir ispat vermiþtir.

25. Liste Provisoire DicoMeca (F-M) Translate this page ibn SINA (AVICENNE), Al-Husayn ibn Abdallah, 980 - 1037, BE, 217. ibn sinan,ibrahim, 908 - 946, BE, 218. IRWIN, George R. PP, 219. ae f g h i J k lm nz http://www.afm.asso.fr/aum/PROJETS/DicoMeca/ListDM_FM.html

(document de travail) Page 2 : F-M NOM Dates Responsable a-e F g h i j ... n-z FALKNER CdE FANNO CdE FENCHEL [JC] FICK Adolf-Eugen [PAB] FLAMANT [PP] FLAMMARION Nicolas Camille [BE] F FLETTNER Anton [PAB] FOUCAULT [PP] FOURIER Joseph [PP] FOURNEYRON [PAB] FRANCIS James [PAB] FRENET [PP] FRESNEL Augustin Jean [PP] FREYSSINET [PP] FRIEDRICHS Kurt Otto [PP] FRONTIN Sextus Julius Frontinus [PAB] FROUDE William [PAB] FULLER Pudley Dean [JF] FULTON Robert [PAB] a-e f G h i j k ... n-z GALILEE (dit) Galileo Galilei [BE] GALLE Johann Gottfried CdE GAUSS Carl Friedrich [PP] GAUTHEY Emiland Marie [PP] GAY-LUSSAC Louis-Joseph [JC] GEIRINGER CdE GERMAIN Sophie [PP] GIBBS John Willard [JC] GLAUERT Hermann [PAB] GOLDENVEIZER CdE GOLDSTEIN Sydney CdE GOODMAN John [JF] GRASHOF Franz [PP] GREEN George [PP] GRIFFITH A. A. [PP] GULDIN Paul [PP] Ludwig Karl Friedrich [JF] a-e f g H i j k l ... n-z HABASH AL-HASIB [BE] HAGEN Gotthilf [PAB] HALL CdE HALLEY Edmond [BE] HAMILTON William Rowen [PP] HARDY William Bate [JF] HARTMAN CdE HELE SHAW [AM] HELMHOLTZ (von) Hermann [PP] HENCKY Heinrich [JC] HENDERSON Thomas [BE] HERACLIDES de PONTUS ca. 387 AC - 312 AC [BE] HERON d'ALEXANDRIE ca. 10 - ca. 75

26. Chapter 9 9, h 6. Ali ibn ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from‘Abdallah ibn sinan from abu ‘Abdallah (as) who has said the following. http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/books/hadith/al-kafi/part2/part2-ch9.htm

Index Chapter 9 Chapter on Asking the Scholar and Discussing with him H 82, Ch. 9, h 1 It is About a person who had smallpox and needed a formal bath due to sexual activities. Certain people had washed him and then he died. The Imam said, "They have killed him. Why did they not ask about it? The medicine for the illness due to ignorance, certainly, is to ask." H 83, Ch. 9, h 2 "(Imam) abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) has said, ‘People are destroyed only because they do not ask (what they do not know).’" H 84, Ch. 9, h 3 "This knowledge (the knowledge of the holy Prophet and Ahlul Bayt(a.s.)) is under a lock and the key to it is asking" H 85, Ch. 9, h 4 "People can do nothing until they ask, acquire proper understand of religion and know their Imam and then they can follow what the Imam (a.s.) says even if the he (a.s.) would say some thing differently under (taqiyah) pressure." H 86, Ch. 9, h 5 "The holy Prophet has said, ‘Woe is to a man who does not save a time every Friday for learning about his religion and make a habit to ask about his religion." In another Hadith it says, "woe is to every such Muslim."

27. Chapter 26 It is narrated from Ali ibn ibrahim from his father from Aloi ibn Ma‘bad fromWasil ibn Sulayman from ‘Abdallah ibn sinan who has said the following. http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/books/hadith/al-kafi/part3/part3-ch26.htm

Index Chapter 26 Chapter on Wish and Will H 382, Ch. 26, h 1 "I heard abu al-Hassan Musa ibn Ja‘far (a.s.) saying, ‘There can nothing until Allah would wish it to be, will, measure and decree." I asked what is the meaning of wish (Sha’a)? The Imam replied, "It is to begin the act." I asked, "What is the meaning of measure (Qaddara)? The Imam replied, "It is measuring the length and the width of something." I asked what is the meaning of decree (Qada)? The Imam replied, "When He decrees He lets it happen and this is when it becomes unavoidable to happen." H 383, Ch. 26, h 2 "asked abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) about, "(Allah) Wished, Willed, Measured and Decreed." The Imam said, "Yes." I asked, "Did He love?" The Imam said, "No." I asked, "How is it that He wished, willed measured and decreed but did not love?" The Imam said, "This is how it has come to us." H 384, Ch. 26, h 3 "I hear Imam abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) saying, "Allah commanded but did not want. He wanted but did not command. He commanded Satan to prostrate but He did not want it. If He wanted Satan would have prostrated. He prohibited Adam from eating of the tree and wanted him to eat. Had He not wanted he would not have ate."

28. EIR_Nueve Translate this page id ibn Habib at-Tanuji (1). Asad ibn al-Furat ibn sinan (2). ‘Abdallah Rabbih ar-Raba’i(2). Muhammad ibn Sahnun (2). Muhammad ibn ibrahim ibn ‘Abdus ibn http://www.islammexico.org.mx/Textos/Root_Islamic/Root_9.htm

LA ESCUELA DE MALIK LOS MAESTROS DE MALIK. DE Medina: Ayyub ibn Abi Tamina as-Sajtiyani (T). Zayd ibn Aslam (T). Zayd ibn Abi Unaysa al-Yazari (TT). Muhammad ibn Ishaq, el autor de al-Maghazi. (TT). Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Madani (TT). Todos los shuyuj de Malik eran de Medina excepto seis: Hamid at-Tawil de Basra (T). Ayyub as-Sajtiyani de Basra (T). Ibrahim ibn Abala de Siria (T). LOS ERUDITOS PROCEDENTES DE MALIK En Medina En Yemen Yahya ibn Zabit (1). En el Hiyaz En Iraq y el Oriente Abu Bakr ash-Shibli (4). En Siria En Egipto Al-Mufaddal ibn Fadala (2). En Africa del Norte Al-Bahlul ibn Rashid (1). Asad ibn al-Furat ibn Sinan (2). Muhammad ibn Sahnun (2). Ibn Talib (3). Hamas ibn Marwan ibn Simak al-Hamsani (4). Abu Fadl Yusuf ibn Masrur (4). Abu Bakr ibn al-Lubbad (4). En Andalucia Muhammad ibn Bashir al-Qadi (2).

29. History Of Mathematics: Arabic Mathematics Albatenius) (c. 858929); Abu Nasr al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (c. 878-c. 950);ibrahim ibn sinan (909-946); Abu Sahl al-Kuhi (c. 950); Abu l'Hasan http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/arab.html

Arabic Mathematics This page is under development. Mathematicians Banu Musa (sons of Musa ibn Shakir) (ninth century) al-Hajjaj ibn Matar (c. 800) Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi (c. 780-c. 850) Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius) (808-873) `Abd al-Hamid ibn Turk (c. 850) Ahmad ibn `Abdullah al-Marwazi Habas al-Hasib (c. 850) Thabit ibn Qurra (836 -901) al-Fadl al-Nayrizi (c. 880) Abu Kamil ibn Aslam (c. 850-930) Qusta ibn Luka (d. 912) Abu `Abdallah Mohammad ibn Jabir al-Battani (Albatenius) (c. 858-929) Abu Nasr al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (c. 878-c. 950) Ibrahim ibn Sinan (909-946) Abu Sahl al-Kuhi (c. 950) Abu l'Hasan al-Uqlidisi (c. 952) `Abd al-`Aziz al-Qabisi (c. 950) Muhammad Abu l'Wafa (Albuzjani) (940-998) Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi (c. 970) Abu `Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (c. 965-1039) Abu l-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (973-1055) Abu Bakr al-Karaji (al Karkhi) (c. 1000) Abu `Abdallah al-Hasan ibn al-Baghdadi (c. 1000) Kushyar ibn Labban (c. 1000) Maslama al-Majriti (c. 1000) Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Iraq (d. 1030) Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (c. 1025)

30. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians A list of all of the important mathematicians working in a given century.Category Science Math Mathematicians Directories...... c. 897, dc 922) *SB 900. Sridhara (c. 900); Ahmad ibn Yusuf (fl. c. 900905)*SB; ibrahim ibn sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (909-946) *SB; Manjula (c. 930); http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html

Chronological List of Mathematicians Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan Table of Contents 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

31. Arab Discoveries history Jabir ibn Haiyan, alKindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, Thabit ibnQurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, ibrahim ibn sinan, al-Masudi http://www.cam.ac.uk/societies/arabsoc/inventions.htm

Will History Ever Forget Those Names It is suffice here to evoke few glorious names and state their inventions that will be an eternal witness to the Islamic and Arab contribution to past and modern history : Jabir ibn Haiyan, al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Abul Wafa, 'Ali ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Ibn al-Jazzar, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, Ibn Yunus, al-Kashi, Ibn al-Haitham, 'Ali Ibn 'Isa al-Ghazali, al-Zarqab, Omar Khayyam. A magnificent array of names which it would not be difficult to extend. The list above contains famous modern day figures from Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Tukmenistan, Spain and Egypt). If anyone tells you that the Middle Ages were scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom flourished within a short period, 750 to 1100 A.D Scientists Ibn Sina , known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history. His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The 'Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of diseases by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments."

32. Mathem_abbrev ibn Ishaq Hunayn ibn Qurra, Thabit ibn Sina (Avicenna) ibn sinan, ibrahim ibn Yunus,Abu'lHasan ibn Yusuf Ahmed, ibrahim, ibn sinan Jacobi, Karl Jafar, Abu al http://www.pbcc.cc.fl.us/faculty/domnitcj/mgf1107/mathrep1.htm

Mathematician Report Index Below is a list of mathematicians. You may choose from this list or report on a mathematician not listed here. In either case, you must discuss with me the mathematician you have chosen prior to starting your report. No two students may write a report on the same mathematician. I would advise you to go to the library before choosing your topic as there might not be much information on the mathematician you have chosen. Also, you should determine the topic early in the term so that you can "lock-in" your report topic!! The report must include: 1. The name of the mathematician. 2. The years the mathematician was alive. 3. A biography. 4. The mathematician's major contribution(s) to mathematics and an explanation of the importance. 5. A historical perspective during the time the mathematician was alive. Some suggestions on the historical perspective might be: (a) Any wars etc. (b) Scientific breakthroughs of the time (c) Major discoveries of the time (d) How did this mathematician change history etc.

33. Al Sabi Thabit Ibn Qurra Al Harrani Translate this page Seu filho, sinan ibn Thabit, e seu neto, ibrahim ibn sinan ibn Thabit,também foram eminentes matemáticos, mas inferiores ao pai-avô. http://www.sobiografias.hpg.ig.com.br/AlHarani.html

Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani Califa al-Mu'tadid Os Elementos de Euclides Arquimedes Papus Concerning the Motion of the Eighth Sphere Kitab fi'l-qarastun Gerard de Cremona Sinan ibn Thabit , e seu neto, Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit Figura copiada do site TURNBULL WWW SERVER: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Nova B U S C A :

34. IMASE Jábir ibn Haiyán, alKindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, Thábit ibn Qurra,al-Battani, Hunain ibn Isháq, al-Farabi, ibrahim ibn sinan, al-Masúdi, at http://www.imase.org/history.php

Please enable Javascript in your browser. Search: Quicklink: choose topic What's new Register About Us Members Area History of Islam Scientists Resources Courses / Projects Links FAQ Archive Newsletters Events Articles News History Scientists Courses Projects Last update: 18 March 2003 International Muslim Association for Scientists and Engineers (IMASE) wishes you Eid Mubarak! About Us What's New Register Scientific History Of Islam Muslim Scientists Resources Projects Links ... Scientific History of Islam Scientific History of Islam First and foremost the IMASE committee would like to apologise to our members and visitors for the long delay in updating the 'Scientific History of Islam' section. Due to the enormity of the task and the lack of manpower and resources this task was at a virtual standstill. However, through God's grace we were able to find an online repository/website containing the same subjects/material that we were hoping to present. "It will suffice here to evoke a few glorious names without contemporary equivalents in the West: Jábir ibn Haiyán, al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, Thábit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Isháq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masúdi, at-Tabari, Abul Wafá, 'Alí ibn 'Abbás, Abul Qásim, Ibn al-Jazzár, al-Birúni, Ibn Sina, Ibn Yúnus, al-Kashi, Ibn al-Haitham, 'Ali Ibn 'Isá al-Ghazali, az-Zarqab, Omar Khayyam. A magnificent array of names which it would not be difficult to extend. If anyone tells you that the Middle Ages were scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom flourished within a short period, 750 to 1100 A.D."

35. Khuda Bakhsh Library Shatir, 36, Nuzhat an Nazir fi Tasihi Usul ibn ashShatir. 41, Risalatu Ibraihm binsinan bin Sabit fi Wasf al Maani wa an-Nujum, 42, Al Maqalatu li ibrahim b.sinan http://www.kblibrary.org/display.asp?vol=Vol22

36. YAYASAN MENDAKI Www.mendaki.org.sg West Jabir ibn Haiyan, alKindi, al-Khawarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, Thabit ibnQurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, ibrahim ibn sinan, al-Masudi http://www.mendaki.org.sg/category.jsp?cont_cat_id=6

37. Thabit Ibn Qurrah (Thebit), 836-901 CE scientific team of the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir at Thabitleft his legacy with sons (ibrahim and sinan), grandsons (Thabit http://www.unhas.ac.id/~rhiza/saintis/qurra.html

38. Arabic Numerals ibrahim ibn sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (908946) who introduced a methodof integration in studying the quadrature of the parabola. http://www.arabicnumerals.cwc.net/

By M Erhayiem The IBM World Book Encyclopaedia raises the question as how the Arabic Numerals originated (!?) as appeared in an article contributed by Nadine L. Verderber, Ph.D., Prof. of Mathematics, Southern Illinois Univ., Edwardsville. The article states, as such, "Scholars do not know how Arabic numerals originated." "The Hindus developed the zero sometime after A.D. 600." The World Book Multimedia Encyclopaedia has largely ignored the work of the Scientists during the Islamic and the Arabic medieval era. The contributions of the Muslims and Arabs in the field of Mathematics were very significant. The great Harvard historian of science, Professor George Sarton wrote in his monumental Introduction to the History of Science[4]: "From the second half of the 8th to the end of the 11th century, Arabic was the scientific, the progressive language of mankind... When the West was sufficiently mature to feel the need of deeper knowledge, it turned its attention, first of all, not to the Greek sources, but to the Arabic ones." O'Connor and Robertson[2] published various articles about the contribution of those forgotten brilliance. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (801-873 A.D.), a Philosopher and Mathematician, who wrote many works on arithmetic, including: the numbers, relative quantities, measuring proportion and time, and numerical procedures. He also wrote on space and time.

39. Encyclopædia Britannica ibrahim ibn sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra University of St.Andrews, Scotland Biographicalsketch of this tenthcentury mathematician and astronomer from Baghdad http://search.britannica.com/search?query=Ibn Battutah

40. New Page 1 His son, sinan ibn Thabit, and his grandson ibrahim ibn sinan ibn Thabit, bothwere eminent scholars who contributed to the development of mathematics. http://www.tebyan.net/english/IslamicWorld/html/moslem.htm

THABIT IBN QURRA (836-901 A.D.) Thabit Ibn Qurra Ibn Marwan al-Sabi al-Harrani was born in the year 836 A.D. at Harran (present Turkey). As the name indicates he was basically a member of the Sabian(1) sect, but the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa Ibn Shakir, impressed by his knowledge of languages, and realizing his potential for a scientific career, selected him to join the scientific group at Baghdad that was being patronized by the Abbasid Caliphs. In Baghdad Thabit received mathematical training and also training in medicine, which was common for scholars of that time. He returned to Harran but his liberal philosophies led to a religious court appearance when he had to recant his 'heresies'. To escape further persecution he left Harran and was appointed court astronomer in Baghdad. There Thabit's patron was the Caliph, al-Mu'tadid, one of the greatest of the 'Abbasid caliphs. At this time there were many patrons who employed talented scientists to translate Greek text into Arabic and Thabit, with his great skills in languages as well as great mathematical skills, translated and revised many of the important Greek works. The two earliest translations of

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