41. Innovation Watch - The Growth Of Knowledge (Citations) into Arabic and often annotated with Arabic commentaries scholars like theEnglishman Adelard of Bath or the Italian gerard of cremona, men eager to make http://www.innovationwatch.com/mind_knowledge_cit.htm

Homepage News Scan Commentary Web Polls ... Site Search Mind and Consciousness - The Growth of Knowledge (Citations) HOME DEEP CHANGE Mysterious Journey ... A Critical Balance THE BOOK "The Arab Age of Translation began during the reign of Harun-al-Rashid (A.D. 786-809), when scholar-physicians at a Nestorian Christian academy in Jundi-Shapur, in southwest Persia, were brought to Baghdad to translate Greek manuscripts gathered by the caliph's agents, acting, in the words of a modern writer, as 'buyers of culture.' A young scholar from Jundi-Shapur, Hunayn ibn-Ishaq, became court physician to Harun's son, Caliph al-Mamun, and in 830 was named head of the 'House of Wisdom,' a library founded by the caliph to store and translate Greek manuscripts. Hanayn and his colleagues translated Plato's Republic, many of Aristotle's works, and the medical writings of Hippocrates, Dioscorides, and Galen (some of whose works were later lost in the original Greek and preserved to the world solely in Hunayn's Arabic)." Gies and Gies

42. Gadadhara Jonardon Ganeri Gadamer, Hans-Georg Kathleen Wright Geometry, Philosophical Issues in Thomas Ryckman George of Trebizond JohnMonfasani. gerard of cremona Mark Jordan. Gerard of Odo Bonnie Kent. http://www.routledge.com/rep/entrie2.shtml

List of Entries A B C D ... Z G Gadadhara Jonardon Ganeri Gadamer, Hans-Georg Kathleen Wright Gaius Grant McLeod Galen R.J. Hankinson Galileo Galilei Mario Biagioli Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand Frank J. Hoffman Gangesa Stephen H. Phillips Garrigou-Lagrange, Reginald Ralph McInerny Gassendi, Pierre Margaret Osler Gaudiya Vaishnavism Jan Brzezinski Gautama Aksapada Eli Franco Karin Preisendanz Gender and Ethics Zoltan Szabo Gender and Science Sandra Harding Genealogy R. Kevin Hill General Relativity, Philosophical Responses to Thomas Ryckman General Will Peter Nicholson Genetics Lindley Darden Genetics and Ethics Ruth Chadwick Gentile, Giovanni Richard Bellamy Gentzen, Gerhard Karl Erich Volker Peckhaus Geology, Philosophy of Rachel Laudan Geometry, Philosophical Issues in Thomas Ryckman George of Trebizond John Monfasani Gerard of Cremona Mark Jordan Gerard of Odo Bonnie Kent Gerard, Alexander Dabney Townsend Gerbert of Aurillac Fiona Somerset Gerdil, Cardinal Sigismond Patrick Riley German Idealism Paul Franks Gerson, Jean

43. Constructions History may be received. . Adelard of Bath. Adelard of Bath The Impact ofMuslim Science. Book I; Cleopatra; Elements; Euclid; gerard of cremona; http://www-cgrl.cs.mcgill.ca/~godfried/research/constructions.history.html

"We must first search after reason, and when it has been found, and not until then, authority if added to it, may be received." Adelard of Bath Adelard of Bath The Impact of Muslim Science Book I Cleopatra ... Homepage

44. The Collapsing Compass Computer expositors and translators that are at fault and that Euclid's original algorithm,according to several trustworthy sources such as gerard of cremona's Latin http://www-cgrl.cs.mcgill.ca/~godfried/research/compass.html

"Whenever a construction is possible by means of compasses and straight edge, more advanced means should not be used." Pappus of Alexandria There has been considerable interest during the past 2300 years in comparing different models of geometric computation in terms of their computing power. One of the most well known results is the proof in 1672 due to Mohr that all constructions that can be executed with straight-edge and compass can be carried out with compass alone. The earliest such proof of the equivalence of models of computation is due to Euclid in his second proposition of Book I of the Elements in which he establishes that the collapsing compass is equivalent in power to the modern compass. A word is in order concerning this terminology - collapsing compass. With the modern compass one can open it to some aperture on the page and then lift the compass and transfer this same aperture to another location on the page. With the collapsing compass this operation of transferring a distance is not allowed. It is called collapsing because it behaves as if when the compass is lifted from the page it folds and the measured distance is forever lost. In the theory of equivalence of models of computation Euclid's second proposition enjoys a singular place. However, like much of Euclid's work and particularly his constructions involving cases, his second proposition has received a great deal of criticism over the centuries. I became interested in this problem when I discovered that much of this criticism is not warranted and in fact most textbooks of Euclid's

45. Astronomy And Astrology In The Twelfth Century philosophers . There he encountered gerard of cremona, who had translatedamong many other works Ptolemy's Almagest. Gerard had http://explorers.whyte.com/astrol.htm

Astronomy and Astrology in the 12th century Preface January 1999: I presented this paper at the 6th Irish Conference of Medievalists in Maynooth on 26 June 1992, and put it on-line as an experiment when I first designed the Alliance Party web-site in 1995. It has long since been deleted from its original location, but there has been some interest in it from the on-line community, so here it is again, sadly without any footnotes or references though I hope to change that before too long. Thanks to Marilynn Lawrence for finding it for me. The M Phil dissertation from which this lecture drew, as well as my history of science essays, on the transmission of science Richard of Wallingford Sir Robert Ball , and medieval time-keeping , are now on this site, as are also short notes on the assassination of Domitian and the "Curse of the Presidents" . If you find this useful, please let me know. This page has had visitors since 23 July 1999. Introduction: John of Salisbury If one is looking for an illustrative twelfth-century intellectual, one cannot do much better than John of Salisbury. Book II of his Policraticus is devoted to a general discussion of omens, divination and the philosophical problems of predestination. He makes his distaste for astrologers clear, lumping them in with "practitioners of other trivialities", but it is clear that his difficulties with them were not entirely due to a philosophical disagreement. In chapter 19, he says:

46. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics AlRazi was translated into Latin by gerard of cremona and others. Most 1114AD,Birth of Italian scholar gerard of cremona in Italy. He http://www.muslimheritage.com/timeline/chronology.cfm

Chronology of major events in Muslim Heritage This is a short and incomplete list of major developments made by Muslims during the 9th to 16th Centuries. Shortcut to: th th th th ... th Centuries. th Century Muslim merchants reach China (Canton). Foundation of a paper factory in Baghdad; the first in history outside China. The Muslims use different materials from the Chinese, though. This is a development that would subsequently revolutionise learning. The paper industry spreads from Baghdad, to Syria and further West, until it reaches about a century later Europe (Spain) via Morocco. Mash'allah writes on the Astrolabe. He was one of the earliest astronomers and astrologers in Islam. Only one of his writings is extant in Arabic, but there are many medieval Latin and Hebrew translations of it. His most popular book in the Middle Ages was the `De scientia motus orbis,' translated by G. Cremonna in the twelfth century. Al-Tabari writes on Astronomy. Harun al-Rashid gives Charlemagne a clock that struck the hours. Foundation of the city of Fez by the Idrisids in Morocco.

47. MuslimHeritage.com - Muslim Scholars In the twelfth century gerard of cremona and Roberts of Chester translatedthe algebra of AlKhawarizmi into Latin. Mathematicians http://www.muslimheritage.com/day_life/default.cfm?ArticleID=317&Oldpage=1

48. Gerard Gerardo Diego (18961987) Spanish poet. Educators, Scholars, and Social Workersgerard of cremona (1114-1187) European scholar and translator. http://www.geocities.com/edgarbook/names/g/gerard.html

For many more names, please return to Edgar's Main Page. Gerard Gender : Masculine. Language : English Etymology Gerard is the English form of an old Germanic name, Gairhard History Gerard appeared in England right before the Norman Conquest. It has stayed every since. Pronunciation : jerr-ard. Diminutives Gary Ged Gerry Jed Jerry Alternates Jerrard Gerrard Dutch Geert Geeraard Geerd Gert Flemish Geeraard Geerd Gert French Frisisan Gerrit Garrit German Gerhard Gerhardt Gerhart German (Low) Geert Gerrit Gert Hungarian Italian Gerardo Spanish Gerardo Surnames Garett Garret Garrett Jarrett Jarritt Famous Bearers Artists and Authors Gerard David Dutch painter. Gerard Terborch Dutch painter. Gerard Edelinck Flemish engraver. French poet. Gerard Manley Hopkins English poet. Gerhart Hauptmann German poet. Gerardo Diego Spanish poet. Educators, Scholars, and Social Workers Gerard of Cremona European scholar and translator. Geert Groote Dutch priest who founded a center for manuscript copying. Gerard Debreu French-American economist.

49. History Of Astronomy: Persons (G) gerard of cremona Germ. Gerhard von Cremona (c.11141187) Shortbiography and reference (MacTutor Hist. Math.); Short biography http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_g.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (G) Deutsche Fassung Gabir ben Aflah: see Jabir ibn Aflah Gabor, Dennis (1900-1979) The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 Including an autobiography. Very short biographical data and links Gagarin, Yuri Alekseyevich (1934-1968) Very short biography Gale, Walter Frederick (1865-1945) Short biographical data and archival sources Galilei, Galileo Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812-1910) Very short biography Very short biography Very short biography Galois, Evariste (1811-1832) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Crater Galois (lunar feature) Links to WWW sources Gamow, George (1904-1968) Short biography and references Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Very short biography Ganesa (1507-after 1564) Very short biography Gaposchkin, Cecilia Payne: see Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia (1900-1979) Gascoigne, Sidney Charles (b. 1915) Short biographical data Short biography Gascoigne, William (1621-1644) Biographical data and references Gassendi [Gassend; Gassendy], Pierre (1592-1655)

50. History Of Astronomy: What's New At This Site On June 3, 1999 15921655) Short biography From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913.gerard of cremona Germ. Gerhard von Cremona (c.1114-1187) Short http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/new/new990603.html

History of Astronomy What's new History of Astronomy: What's new at this site on June 3, 1999 Some URLs have been updated. Welcome / About Citation Index updated Acknowledgements updated History of astronomy Observatories and other places Manila , Philippines Manila Observatory From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Rome (Roma) , Italy La ricerca astronomica a Roma (in Italian) , Italy, and Tucson , Arizona, USA Vatican Observatory From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 The Vatican Palace, as a Scientific Institute From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Persons A Abbadie, Antoine Thompson d' (1810-1897) Short biography From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Biography From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Short biography and references From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Ammen, Daniel (1820-1898) Short biography From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Anderson, Henry James (1799-1875) Short biography From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Assemani, Simeon (1752-1821) Short biography and references From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Audiffredi [Audifreddi ?], Giovanni Battista [Giombattista] [

51. Potions k, 4,5, 6,7. Noxious Aroma, alRazi, 80, 83, 105, 99, 99, 99, 21, C, Gerard ofCremona, 91, 93, 147, 99, 99, 99, 53, C, gerard of cremona, 155, 222, 1060, 99,65, 48, 827, K, Orpiment, http://www.darklands.net/files/alchwin2.htm

Getting Rich thru Alchemy and Winning at Darklands by Alan Pitts Edited for the Darklands Domain by -MLW Please note: Listed at the bottom of the page is a reprint of an e-mail Alan sent to the Darklands discussion group which explains the theory behind using the data listed below. Thanks! (ed.) Okay, here it is. I'm pretty sure that this is correct and up-to-date, but I wasn't able to check it. My computer here is Excel-illiterate. Anyway, here is what it does ... Pure Gold Manganese Naphtha Marsh Vapor Eastern Black Bean Zincblende Antimoni Orpiment White Cinnabar Solanaceae Aqua Regia Gum Mondragora Alum Camomile Nikel Pitchblende Zinken Brimstone Choleric Base Phlegmatic Base Sanguine Base Melancholic Base In the upper-left corner is a list of the components. They are in the order that you would find them for sale at any vendor who has them. That reminds me that the manual has a differently-ordered list. In the manual they are listed in the order of rarity. The one exception is that Solanaceae is not listed at all. I'm pretty sure it got deleted in a cut-and-paste operation gone awry. I've noticed at least one other faulty cut-and-paste error in the manual, so I guess it's to be expected. Anyway, I've always wondered what the description to solanaceae would have been. It's something I would ask Microprose if they still supported the game. If I'm correct, Solanaceae would be about tenth in the order of rarity. Next to the names of all the components are the prices. These are the prices I found using a leader whose charisma was 41. These prices seem to be sensitive to charisma, but not to town size. They are listed in pfennigs.

52. Darklands Domain - Getting Rich Thru Alchemy By Alan Pitts Alfred of Sareshel, 146, 322, 823, 99, 74, 57, 493, K, gerard of cremona,155, 222, 1060, 99, 65, 48, 827, K, Orpiment. gerard of cremona, 91, 93, 147,99, 99, 99, 53, C, http://www.darklands.net/tools/winning.shtml

Getting Rich thru Alchemy and Winning at Darklands by Alan Pitts (Edited for the Darklands Domain) Please note: Listed at the bottom of the page is a reprint of an e-mail Alan sent to the Darklands discussion group which explains the theory behind using the data listed below. Thanks! (ed.) Pure Gold 146 Manganese 46 Naphtha 50 Marsh Vapor 71 Eastern Black Bean 71 Zincblende 42 Antimoni 30 Orpiment 34 White Cinnabar 23 Solanaceae 40 Aqua Regia 38 Gum 38 Mondragora 38 Alum 26 Camomile 27 Nikel 24 Pitchblende 26 Zinken 27 Brimstone 17 Choleric Base 7 Phlegmatic Base 6 Sanguine Base 8 Melancholic Base 10 k (batch size coefficient) Philosopher's Stone Intelligence Alchemical Skill Immediately under the components are two rows headed "batch size" and "k." The number under "batch size" is the number of potions one person is making over one night. The number under "k" is a number representing the ease of making that many potions.

53. PBIO 250 Lecture Notes -- History -- Spring 1998 as Avicenna, wrote the Canon of Medicine, an encyclopedic work on plants; translatedinto Latin by gerard of cremona in the 12th century (see a manuscript page http://www.inform.umd.edu/PBIO/pb250/hist.html

PBIO 250 Lecture Notes James L. Reveal Norton-Brown Herbarium, University of Maryland History of Systematic Botany Folk taxonomies arrangment of objects into general, but hierarchierical categories systems differ widely by culture and requirements significant in agriculture Berlin, B. 1973. Folk systematics in relation to biological classification and nomenclature. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. Ethnobiological classification: Principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional science. Princeton. The Ancients Greene, E. L. 1983. Landmarks of Botanical History , 2 vols. (edited by F. N. Egerton). Stanford. Henrey, B. 1975. British Botanical and Horticultural Literature before 1800 . 3 vols. London. Hobbs, C. 1996a. An outline of the history of herbalism Botanical taxonomy - a historical summary Reed, H.S. 1942. A short history of the plant sciences . Waltham. Morton, A.G. 1981. History of botanical science: An account of the development of botany from ancient times to the present day. London. agriculture began some 9000 years ago in the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia Assyrian herbal of the 7th century B.C. gives a list of some 700 medicinal and semi-medicinal plants arranged according to use and application - see an early

54. Encyclopedia Of The Middle Ages - List Of Entries (G) 11461223) Gerard of Abbeville (died 1272) Gerard of Borgo San Donnino (died 1276/1277)Gerard of Brogne (died 959) gerard of cremona (died 1187) Gerbert of http://www.lutterworth.com/jamesclarke/jc/titles/ema_g.htm

Home Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages List of Entries ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE MIDDLE AGES Edited by André Vauchez A B C D ... F G H I J K ... Z List of Entries G Gabriel, Archangel Gabriel II (Ibn Al-Turayk) (12th C) Gabriel Barletta (died after 1480) Gaddi, Taddeo (1295/1300-1366) Gaeta Galicia (Spain) Galicia (Ukraine) Gallican Liturgy Gallicanism Games Gandersheim Garden Garter, Order of The Gascoigne, Thomas (1403-1458) Gascony Gautier De Coincy (1177-1236) Gdansk (Danzig) Gebhard of Constance (died 995) Gelasius II, Pope (1060/1064 - 1119) Gemistus Plethon (1360-1452) Genesis Genghis Khan (1167-1227) Genoa Gentile da Fabriano (1370-1427) Genuflection Geoffrey of Monmouth (1100-1155) Geomancy George of Pode George of the Arabs (died 724) George Scholarius (Gennadius II) (1403-1472) Georgia Gerald of Wales (1146-1223) Gerard of Abbeville (died 1272) Gerard of Borgo San Donnino (died 1276/1277) Gerard of Brogne (died 959) Gerard of Cremona (died 1187) Gerbert of Aurillac (945/950-1003) Gerhoh of Reichersberg (1092/1093 - after 1167) Gerlachus (12th C) Germanus I of Constantinople (634-733) Germany, Kingdom of

55. [HM] Liber Augmenti Et Diminucionis: Corrigenda By Barney Hughes libro, however disclaiming any overt association with the teaching of alKhwarizmi., that all the supplementary problems in gerard of cremona's translation of http://mathforum.org/epigone/historia_matematica/plomjansil

[HM] Liber augmenti et diminucionis: corrigenda by Barney Hughes reply to this message post a message on a new topic Back to Historia-Matematica Discussion Group Subject: [HM] Liber augmenti et diminucionis: corrigenda Author: barnabas.hughes@csun.edu Date: The Math Forum

56. Darkfugg (Ehhez csak gratulálni tudok.). Készítok alRazi, gerard of cremona. KészítokSolomon, Alfred of Sareshel, és gerard of cremona. http://member.rpg.hu/cu/cuo26/darkfugg.htm

FÜGGELÉK 1. Gépigény 2. Fegyverek éles-, nyársaló-, ütõ-, szál- és dobófegyverek, íjak, tûzfegyverek 3. Formulák 4. Komponensek 5. Napszakok 6. Szentek 1. GÉPIGÉNY 640 K RAM (nem árt 4 M + Smartdrv) kb. 386-os proci EGA, MCGA/VGA (320x200x256) 16 Mb hely a winchesteren AdLib, Roland, Tandy, PC Speaker egér nem árt 2. Fegyverek Éles (EDGED) (Min. szakértelem, Min. erõ, Mit "vág" át) TWO-HANDED SWORD 19 21 chain, brigandine LONGSWORD 18 19 scale FALCHION - - nem-fém páncél SHORTSWORD 16 13 chain, brigandine SMALL BLADES PONIARD chain, brigandine DAGGER SMALL KNIFE HAND AXE mint a FALCHION, kisebb sebzés FIELD AXE olcsó, szerény sebzés cuirboulli Nyársaló (IMPACT) GREAT HAMMER 20 24 plate mail (sebzés, mint LONGSW) GIANT CUDGEL 10 27 plate GIANT MACE, MAUL 9 25 chain, brigandine MILITARY HAMMER 12 15 kicsi sebzés MACE 8 14 plate-t már nem CLUB 4 16 scale mail Ütõk (FLAIL (cséphadarók)) TWO-HANDED FLAIL 18 20 chain, brigandine

57. - Great Books - His work De Somniorum Visione was translated by gerard of cremona and another waspublished as De medicinarum compositarum gradibus investigandis Libellus http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_716.asp

Kindi (al-) Sometimes called pre-eminently "The Philosopher of the Arabs " flourished in the 9th century, the exact dates of his birth and death being unknown. He was born in Kufa, where his father was governor under the Caliphs Mahdi and Harun al-RashId. His latter studies were made in Bagdad, where he remained, occupying according to some a government position. In the orthodox reaction under Motawakkil, when all philosophy was suspect, his library was confiscated, but he himself seems to have escaped. His writings - like those of other Arabian philosophers - are encyclopaedic and are concerned with most of the sciences; they are said to have numbered over two hundred, but fewer than twenty are extant. Some of these were known in the middle ages, for Kindi is placed by Roger Bacon in the first rank after Ptolemy as a writer on optics. His work De Somniorum Visione was translated by Gerard of Cremona and another was published as De medicinarum compositarum gradibus investigandis Libellus (Strassburg, 1531). He was one of the earliest translators and commentators of

58. Important Glossary Terms And Images In Week 3 Gall St. Augustine St. Jerome gerard of cremona Frederick II Roman de FauvelReichenau Orderic Vitalis Carolingian Empire. Images Shown in Week 3. http://web.princeton.edu/sites/Medieval/mappamundi/med201/week3.html

Important Glossary Terms and Images in Week 3 Important Glossary Terms in Week 3 Scriptorium Vulgate Pentateuch Antiphonary ... Carolingian Empire Images Shown in Week 3 The prophet Ezra as scribe The prophet Ezekiel eating the involutus liber Same scene (different iconography) The poet Reinmar of Zweter The poet Rudolf der Schreiber Writing Tablets Christ in Majesty Scriptorium scene ... Evangelium longum (also see detail Eadwine , "the prince of scribes" The evangelists Matthew and Luke : Gospel Book of Ada Rudolf von Ems dictating to a scribe The evangelist Mark : Bible manuscript of Fulda Lawrence of Durham as scribe The scribe Sigfridus Vitulus : Bible from Ebrach Corrector at work The frustrated scribe (illuminator) Hildebert Gospel Book of Lorsch Bible of Wenzel (Wenceslaus) of Bohemia Boniface Decretals Doctor and pharmacist (historiated initial) Emperor Frederick II, De arte venandi cum avibus (On the Art of Hunting with Birds) Second image from above Book of Hours: Les grandes heures , made for the Duc de Berry The poet Alram von Gresten Chaillou de Pestin, Le roman de Fauvel and detail Back to MED 201: The World of the Middle Ages - Syllabus

59. Ftp.std.com/obi/Vatican/exhibit/d-mathematics/Mathematics.txt verso88 recto =Ptolemy, Almagest In Latin Translated by gerard of cremona Thirteenth century http://ftp.std.com/obi/Vatican/exhibit/d-mathematics/Mathematics.txt

60. Giordano Bruno: His Life And Thought (Footnotes, Chapter 3) Almagest, III, 3 and XII, 1. The text was first introduced to the Latinspeakingworld by gerard of cremona (1114-1187) who translated the Arabic version. http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/bruno03f.htm

Giordano Bruno: His Life and Thought Table of Contents Text of Chapter Three CHAPTER THREE FOOTNOTES 1 In mediaeval Christian versions of the scheme, divine power is sometimes shewn acting through the labour of angels imparting motion by cranks (cf. Israel Abrahams, Edwin Bevyn, and Charles Singer, The Legacy of Israel [Oxford, 1927], Fig. 25 from a fourteenth century manuscript). De coelo, 113-14, 286b 10-287b 21, and see below. De gen. et corr., II, 11, 338a; Physica, VIII, 8, 264b; De coelo, II, 3, 286a. De coelo, IV, 3-4, 310a-312a. Physica, VIII, 6, 258a-259b. De coelo, II, 8, 289b. Metaphysica, XII, 8, 1074a, 13. In De gen. et corr., II, 2, Aristotle distinguishes between the elements as perceptible bodies which are always encountered by us in "alteration" or mixture with one another, and the originative sources of these elements "which are equal in number (four) and identical in kind with those in the sphere of the eternal and primary things" (Cf. De gen. et corr., II, 9, 335a). 8 Date of publication of Kepler's Astronomia nova.

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