21. Maps & History A chronological Table of Gambian history To Date. Abdou Diouf, was senegal's Première,and as a new comer to subregional politics, proved that he had just http://www.gambianews.com/Info on Gambia/Maps.htm

Visitors Click on Maps to Enlarge Click here for The Gambia Chronicle A chronological Table of Gambian History To Date THE GAMBIA A BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The British landed on the shores of the Smiling Coast in the 1750's and set up their own trading companies through out the Colony of Senegambia with headquarters in St Louis (Senegal). However, from 1821 to 1888 the colonialists' administrative policy changed, and The Gambia was being administered as a crown Colony from Freetown . It was to take another sixteen years (1904), before the Gambia and Senegal borders were to be separated, thus emanating in a clear distinction of the two countries. After 200 hundred years of British Colonial Atlantic ), became independent on 18 th February 1965, and adopted a Republican constitution in 1970, under the leadership of Sir D.K Jawara The Republic of The Gambia therefore, became the smallest independent country in Africa - with a population of 1.3 million living in an area of land 4,000 square miles, and surrounded by its much larger sister state, Senegal. It was to take another twenty nine years before The Smiling Coast PPP regime in a bloodless coup led by Lt.

22. TRAVEL.com ® ... Regional:Africa:Senegal:Arts_and_Entertainment senegal alt.venus.co.uk/weed/hamedkane/ Traditional singing, chanting and Khin ofthe career of this senegalese band, with discographyand their history. http://www.travel.com/Regional/Africa/Senegal/Arts_and_Entertainment/

Languages: Chinese Deutsch Español Français ... More... (~70 Languages) Welcome to... Flights Lodging Cars Cruises ... Web Directories (2.5 Million URLs) Search Countries: Africa Asia Caribbean Central America ... South America Special Deals Continental Airline Vacations Future Vacations Delta (Airline) Vacations Lodging.com Hot Deals ... Priceline - Disneyland Deals Travel Info Advisories (USA Gov't) ATM Locator Driving Directions Embassies ... Weather Travel Products Foreign Currencies (Buy) Insurance Luggage, Apparel, Adapters Publications ... Sporting Goods NEW! Messaging Forums - Don't be shy! Click on the Forums tab above to exchange travel info with users worldwide. NEW! Hotel Specials and Destination Guides Caribbean Florida Mexico Hawaii ... Senegal Results 1 - 14 of at least 14 African Writers Index: Senegal geocities.com/africanwriters/Countries/... Biographies and bibliographies of writers from Senegal. Afropop - Senegal afropop.org/explore/show_country/ID/6/S... Introduction to musicians and music styles of Senegal; includes discography and features on artists. Baaba Maal homepage.mac.com/worldbeat/baaba-maal/

23. TRAVEL.com ® ... Regional:Africa:Senegal FreeGK.com senegal atlas.freegk.com/world/africa/senegal/seneg Includingmap and overview of history, culture, economy and currency. http://www.travel.com/Regional/Africa/Senegal/

Languages: Chinese Deutsch Español Français ... More... (~70 Languages) Welcome to... Flights Lodging Cars Cruises ... Web Directories (2.5 Million URLs) Search Countries: Africa Asia Caribbean Central America ... South America Special Deals Continental Airline Vacations Future Vacations Delta (Airline) Vacations Lodging.com Hot Deals ... Priceline - Disneyland Deals Travel Info Advisories (USA Gov't) ATM Locator Driving Directions Embassies ... Weather Travel Products Foreign Currencies (Buy) Insurance Luggage, Apparel, Adapters Publications ... Sporting Goods NEW! Messaging Forums - Don't be shy! Click on the Forums tab above to exchange travel info with users worldwide. NEW! Hotel Specials and Destination Guides Caribbean Florida Mexico Hawaii ... Africa Senegal Education Government Health Results 1 - 8 of at least 8 Attaya: Senegal and the Gambia on the Web erslah.com/attaya/ Information, pictures, and music from Senegal and Gambia. Includes news items, bulletin board, and a newsletter. Site written for Friends of Senegal and Gambia, a group of returned Peace Corps Volunteers. BBC Country Profile: Senegal news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/africa/coun...

24. Regional Activities - Africa the 61st General Assembly session in Dakar, senegal (1992 and will give an overviewof current regional projects It is the first time in the history of Interpol http://www.interpol.int/Public/Region/Africa/Default.asp

11 April 2003 Home Search Contact Help ... Regional activities Africa HISTORY OF MEMBERSHIP FACT SHEET: AFRICA SUB-DIRECTORATE COUNTRIES OF THE FOUR SUB-REGIONS OF AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA HISTORY OF MEMBERSHIP The continent's position as a crossroads between the Americas, Europe and Asia also lays it open to transnational crimes such as traffic in weapons, illicit drug trafficking, illegal immigration, traffic in stolen motor vehicles and fraud, etc., which can only be stopped by international co-operation. Seeking and locating the criminals involved poses problems relating to information exchange, international identification and arrests with a view to extradition. This is why Interpol (in accordance with Article 2 (1) of its Constitution) ensures the closest possible co-operation between the "criminal police authorities" of all member countries, including those in Africa. Crime is not associated with a particular region and is certainly not a problem for Africa alone. Ever since it was established, the International Criminal Police Organization - Interpol has been seen by countries all over the world as an institution whose principles and objectives correspond to universal aspirations for human rights, public safety and the fight against ordinary law crime. Joining Interpol was therefore one of the first steps taken by various African leaders once their countries obtained independence.

25. Study Abroad Senegal 315364-3308 Where Dakar, senegal When Spring Language, Literature, Studies), history,International Relations Literature, Studies), Cultural/regional Studies http://www.studyabroad.com/simplehtml/white/Senegal.html

Study Abroad: Senegal Study Abroad Program Information Courtesy of Studyabroad.com Senegal -Consular Information Sheet from U.S. State Department African American Studies Program PO Box 497327 Chicago, IL 60649 USA Phone Where: Senegal, Ivory Coast, Mali, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Cameroon, Mozambique, Namibia, When: Summer, Winter, Spring, Fall Educational / Travel Programs to Africa, Cuba and Brazil : Multiple programs year round, 1 to 4 weeks in length; for academic credit. Offers an intense immersion in and exposure to traditional and modern life, a unique educational experience that is both career-enhancing and profoundly personal and relevant in our Global Village. Select from among several different travel itineraries, program themes, and dates year round. Subjects Areas : History,Political Science, Politics,Economics,Comparative Literature,French (Language, Literature, Studies),International Studies,Cultural/Regional Studies Click to send E-mail to: Beloit College Office of International Education, 700 College Street Beloit, WI 53511-5595 USA

26. More To Come about the social, cultural, and historical contexts of senegal. Hist, Art/Fine Arts,Architecture, Cultural/regional Studies, history, African (Language http://www.studyabroad.com/simplehtml/whitesummer/Senegal_summ.html

African American Studies Program PO Box 497327 Chicago, IL 60649 USA Phone Where: Senegal, Ivory Coast, Mali, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Cameroon, Mozambique, Namibia, When: Summer, Winter, Spring, Fall Educational / Travel Programs to Africa, Cuba and Brazil : Multiple programs year round, 1 to 4 weeks in length; for academic credit. Offers an intense immersion in and exposure to traditional and modern life, a unique educational experience that is both career-enhancing and profoundly personal and relevant in our Global Village. Select from among several different travel itineraries, program themes, and dates year round. Subjects Areas : History,Political Science, Politics,Economics,Comparative Literature,French (Language, Literature, Studies),International Studies,Cultural/Regional Studies Click to send E-mail to: Fairleigh Dickinson University 285 Madison Avenue Madison, NJ 07940 USA Phone When: Summer FDU-Global Study Certificate : Take advantage of this new and exciting program! Design your own research project while enhancing your travel experiences, Learn more about other cultures Receive faculty guidance as you travel, Analyze your research and write while in transitThis program allows you to combine your studies, area of interest, and/or career goals with the flexibility of traveling where and when YOU want! Subjects Areas : Cultural/Regional Studies,Ecology,PeaceStudies,Environmental Management,EnvironmentalStudies,Environmental Sciences (Marine, Atmospheric, Meterology),Art Hist,Art/Fine Arts,International Relations,International Studies,Foreign (non-English) Languages and Literature,Science-other,Social_Sciences,Political Science, Politics

27. Senegal | Catholic Relief Services history Located in western Africa, senegal is a flat, semi CRS/senegal recognizesthe impact of inter and intra-country migration, regional and internal http://www.catholicrelief.org/where_we_work/africa/senegal/

Email this page Home > Where We Work > Africa > ... Senegal > Search: In This Section Quick Facts History Our Work at a Glance Partners Examples of Our Work A Timeline of CRS' Work in Africa GRAPAC - Traditional Solutions to Conflict Resolution Microfinance Projects Statistics Economic Statistics General Statistics In collaboration Because of CRS and its local partners' work, some of Senegal’s poor and marginalized now have the opportunity to live in dignity and have hope for a better future. with its local partners, Catholic Relief Services' activities in Senegal aim to improve the lives of the nation's poor, help restore and preserve their dignity, and help them realize their full potential. CRS' programs and activities in food security , natural resource management, local institutional development, training, income generation, peacebuilding , and rehabilitation are contributing to creating and enabling a sustainable environment for development. As a result of these activities, some of Senegal's poor and marginalized now have the opportunity to live in dignity and have hope for a better future. Our Work At A Glance While CRS/Senegal's programs are concentrated in four key areas: health microfinance agriculture , and justice and peace , the Senegal office occasionally responds to emergencies in Senegal, Guinea-Bissau , and Guinea . Examples of emergency activities include: Emergency food distributions to Guinean families affected by internal conflict and fleeing refugees from northern Sierra Leone Providing food, medicine, and clothing to

28. DeuD regional history / ETHNOhistory / HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY in historically prominentareas. Pakao (senegal) A Kingdom between Gambian Trade Emporia and Inland http://bremer-stiftung.de/Themenvorschlaege.htm

B R E M E R S T I F T U N G F Ü R K U L T U R - U N D S O Z I A L A N T H R O P O L O G I E HOME S UGGESTIONS FOR R ESEARCH: T OPICS WEST AFRICA The West African regions of Senegambia (Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau) and the Western Sudan (Mali, eastern Guinea, etc.) feature a wide variety of 'traditional' social systems and cultures. We find various systems of kinship (patrilineal, matrilineal and mixed forms), of political centralisation (from 'acephalous' to 'state'), different artistic expressions, ecological habitats, agricultural and economic specialisation, etc. Both regions are also endowed with comparatively abundant historical sources (medieval Arab geographers, Portuguese navigators of the fifteenth century, European and Cape-Verdian traders, etc.). These afford us with a considerable time-depth of textual documentation. All of these features render the region an ideal location for social/cultural-anthropological studies, both synchronic and diachronic, as well as for historical studies. An even greater time-depth is attained by archaeology, for which the region also offers great prospects. Quite some research has already been carried out in and near the flood plains of the rivers

29. History, Arts Faculty Library Coast, Cape Verde, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, senegal, Sierra Leone Maritimeans military history 10 Metropolitan and regional history 11 Female http://odur.let.rug.nl/library/english/collection/rubr60.htm

University Library Arts Faculty Library History Systematic layout ... University of Groningen Arts Faculty Library - Collection This page presents an alphabetical overview of the disciplines in the Faculty of Arts library. Systematic layout of the disciplines Due to the fact that the Faculty of Arts library makes use of a systematic layout, all books on the same topic are collected together. This systematic layout helps you in your search to find specific books. The information below indicates the way in which the request numbers for the discipline in question are determined.For more details, see the explanation of the structure of the request numbers The request number is also the location code in the library. The upper floor accommodates request numbers 1 to 35, while the ground floor contains categories 36-70, the Teachers Information Centre (LIC), and the magazines. Top History . History Main classifications for sources, reference books and monographies. The books are categorized by continent; within the countries and/or regions they are alphabetically classified. In the catagory GENERAL belong works on global history and e.g. general reference works. ALG General EUR Europe; general

30. The History Guy: News: Guinea-Bissau Peace Accord Home Civics Politics Military history New Recent will be maintained, foreigntroops of senegal and. out and be replaced by a regional peacekeeping. http://www.historyguy.com/hg_news_guinea-bissau_.html

History Guy: News of the World Guinea-Bissau Peace Accord Home Military History Email What's New ... Return to Guinea-Bissau Civil War Page Monday November 2, 1998 4:33 PM EDT Source: Yahoo!/Reuters news story Vieira Sees Accord As Victory For Guinea Bissau BANJUL (Reuters) - Guinea-Bissau embattled President Joao Bernardo Vieira and rebel leader Ansumane Mane flew together into the Gambian capital Banjul Monday after signing a peace accord to end their civil war. Vieira, speaking to reporters before heading for Bissau aboard a French military helicopter, said: ``The Abuja peace agreement is a victory for my people and I hope a definitive end to the conflict has now been achieved and will be honored.'' Mane, who is expected to head Tuesday for Guinea-Bissau where his forces are largely in control, remained silent. The two leaders returned with Gambian President Yahya Jammeh who had taken them late last week to the Nigerian capital Abuja where they signed the accord after intense efforts by regional heads of state.

31. The History Guy:Guinea Bissau Civil War The history Guy which then received significant aid from neighboring senegal andGuinea GuineaConakry troops who were replaced by a regional peacekeeping force http://www.historyguy.com/Guinea_Bissau_Civil_War.html

defaultStatus = "Be nice to your teacher today!" The History Guy: New and Recent Conflicts of the World Guinea-Bissau Civil War Intervention (1998-1999) Home Military History Historical Personalities Email ... Site Map *Updated: January 1, 2001* Links to News Stories and Web Sites on this conflict NAME OF CONFLICT: Guinea-Bissau Civil War ALTERNATE NAMES FOR CONFLICT: None known at this time BELLIGERENTS: Guinea-Bissau Government (of President Joao Bernardo Vieira) with Senegal and Guinea-Conakry Vs. Rebel Army troops led by former Army Commander Ansumane Mane DATES OF CONFLICT: BEGAN: June 7 1998Army rebellion begins. ENDED: November 2, 1998 Peace accord signed. Resumed May 6, 1999. TYPE(S) OF CONFLICT: Civil War/Army Rebellion and Foreign Intervention RELATED CONFLICTS: PREDECESSOR: CONCURRENT: Senegal Civil War (Casamance Rebellion) SUCCESSOR: CAUSES OF CONFLICT: Former Brigadier General Ansumane Mane attempted a coup against President Joao Bernardo Vieira, who has ruled Guinea-Bissau since 1980. Mane accused the President of corruption and leading the nation into poverty. Vieira fired Mane from command of the armed forces on charges of selling weapons to the Casamance rebels of southern Senegal. The army rebellion also may have originated in part due to the government's inability to properly pay its soldiers.

32. Listings Of The World Regional Africa Senegal Society And users.pandora.be/ajed/ Added Nov-25-02; Conversations with history Post ReviewAn interview with Pierre Sane, born and raised in senegal, now Executive http://listingsworld.com/Regional/Africa/Senegal/Society_and_Culture/

33. Listings Of The World Regional Africa Senegal Travel And to senegal (English language) history, culture, women Includes short regional guides,and directories of http//www.senegal-online.com/senega00E.htm - Added http://listingsworld.com/Regional/Africa/Senegal/Travel_and_Tourism/

34. Senegal In Regional > Africa Including map and overview of history, culture, economy and currency Profile of Senegaland USAID programmes See also regional Africa Regions West Africa (16 http://ilectric.com/browse/web/Regional/Africa/Senegal/

Metasearch Directory News Multi-Search ... Login/Out Choose a Search Metasearch - The Web Metasearch - This Site Metasearch - News Metasearch - Auctions Metasearch - Forums Metasearch - Images Metasearch - MP3s Metasearch - Code Metasearch - Shopping Directory - Within This Category Only Directory - Entire Directory - Adult Directory - Arts Directory - Business Directory - Computers Directory - Games Directory - Health Directory - Home Directory - News Directory - Recreation Directory - Reference Directory - Regional Directory - Science Directory - Shopping Directory - Society Directory - Sports Directory - World Shopping - All products Shopping - Books Shopping - Electronics Shopping - Popular music Shopping - Classical music Shopping - DVD's Shopping - VHS Videos Shopping - In Theaters Shopping - Toys Shopping - Computer Hardware Shopping - Software Shopping - Magazines Shopping - Photo Shopping - Garden / Outdoor Living Shopping - Baby Shopping - Kitchen Lookup - Domain in Whois Lookup - Domain Availability Lookup - HTTP Source Lookup - DNS Record W eb Directory Categories Related Sponsored Sites Sites ... Africa Senegal Books See all 629 results in Books...

35. African-American History At Poplar Hill On His Lordship's Kindness understanding of its role in national and regional history and begin reconstructinga basic history of slave Island of Goree, Dakar, senegal Carriage Entrance http://www.poplarhillonhlk.com/introaahp.html

African American Life on a Historic Maryland Plantation Farm As told through Poplar Hill on His Lordship's Kindness A Prince George's County, Maryland National Historic Landmark A special project presented by the John M. and Sara R. Walton Foundation Back to AAHP Front Page Back to Main Page The mission of Poplar Hill on His Lordship's Kindness, ca 1785-1787, owned and operated by The John M. and Sara R. Walton Foundation, is to preserve and interpret this National Historic Landmark by maintaining its buildings, grounds and collections; by promoting its unique architecture and its family histories through public programs and by sponsoring research to broaden understanding of its role in national and regional history As part of that mission, it is the goal of the Foundation to focus on the history of all the people that lived at Poplar Hill on His Lordship's Kindness. This proposal is written with that in mind. The foundation is seeking to intensify its current research on the history of African Americans who were present during colonial times. In the more than 200-year history of the house, the contributions of the African Americans who lived and worked at Poplar Hill has never been documented. It is the Foundation's goal to uncover that information and to completely integrate the research into the interpretation of this historic site.

36. SearchUK - Finds It Fast! Aimed at children and young people, provides a guide to the culture, history anddaily life of the UK TOP/regional/Africa/senegal/Society_and_Culture; /TOP http://searchuk.com/Top/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Society_and_Culture/

Home Top Regional Europe > Society and Culture ADULT SHOPPING FINANCE GAMBLING ... Know Britain - Features short articles on aspects of British history and culture, including the Union Jack, country houses, education and islands. British Culture for Americans - Collected reflections on the distinguishing characteristics of British culture. Includes "British-American/American-British" dictionary. Culture Lab UK - Guide to style, culture and technology in the UK from the British Council. On the Line - United Kingdom Virtual Journey - Aimed at children and young people, provides a guide to the culture, history and daily life of the UK. Includes facts, figures and quotations. SocietyGuardian - News about health, housing, regeneration, local government, voluntary sector, social care and policy. Part of Guardian Unlimited. WEBSEARCH POPULAR SEARCHES Auction Car Hire Casino Cheap Flights ... Contact Us

37. Gambia, Africa - Books, Maps And Atlasesfor Sale any goods Country Guides Maps history Politics Maps Worldwide) Lonely PlanetPublications Country/regional Guides The Gambia senegal are an ideal http://www.africaguide.com/country/gambia/books.htm

HOME NEWS LETTER CONTACT US LINK TO US ... CHARITIES Jump to a Country Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Dem.Rep. Congo (Zaire) Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Bissau Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Reunion Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe The Gambia INTRODUCTION VISITOR INFORMATION ACCOMODATION CAR HIRE ... LEISURE AND SPORT BOOKS AND MAPS MUSIC FAVOURITE LINKS ll the books recommended below are available from one of our Affiliate companies and when selected, the link will take you directly to the relevant page on our Affiliates' website where you will find prices and ordering details. A new browser window will fire up so you can return to this page at any time. I have personally used our Affiliate Companies for ordering my own books and maps and found their service to be first class, fast and reliable, and all the books I have received have arrived in good condition. However, please read our

38. AEGiS: Senegal senegal has a long history of participating in The primary objective of the workinggroup is to strengthen national, regional and global structures and http://www.aegis.com/countries/senegal.html

Local time in Dakar: Facts and Figures Official Name Republic of Senegal. Capital City Dakar. Languages French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka. Official Currency Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States. Ethnic Groups Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka 3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%. Religions Muslim 94%, indigenous beliefs 1%, Christian 5% (mostly Roman Catholic). Population 10,589,571 (July 2002 est.). Land Area 192,530 sq km (74,336 sq miles). History Independent from France in 1960, Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. However, the envisaged integration of the two countries was never carried out, and the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group sporadically has clashed with government forces since 1982. Senegal has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping. UNAIDS Epidemiological Fact Sheets [English] [French] Global Surveillance of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is a joint effort of WHO and UNAIDS. The UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance, initiated in November 1996, guides respective activities. The primary objective of the working group is to strengthen national, regional and global structures and networks for improved monitoring and surveillance of HIV/AIDS and STIs. For this purpose, the working group collaborates closely with national AIDS programmes and a number of national and international experts and institutions. The goal of this collaboration is to compile the best information available and to improve the quality of data needed for informed decision-making and planning at national, regional and global levels. The Epidemiological Fact Sheets are one of the products of this close and fruitful collaboration across the globe.

39. Panel 6A - Africa / Middle East Regional Consultation of the senegal River Valley has a long history which has been senegal, Mali and Mauritaniadecided to work together in a regional association founded in http://www.dams.org/kbase/consultations/afrme/panel6a.htm

Regional Consultations Case Studies Cross-Check Survey Thematic Reviews ... Submissions Regional Consultations Africa / Middle-East Home Consultations: South Asia Dec 1998 Latin America Aug 1999 Africa/ Middle East Dec 1999 Feb 2000 Panel 6A: Large Dams and Water Resources Management:Reviewing Alternate Options Dr. Guy Preston Ministry of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa The Working for Water Programme: Case Studies on the Clearing of Invasive Species and Demand-side Management Dr Preston believes that the roles of demand-side management and alien species reduction as alternatives to dams has as much relevance to the rest of Africa and the Middle East as it does in South Africa. Catchment management is a water supply option. Estimates are that 4% of the world GDP is lost through invasive alien plant species which are linked to the characteristics of water runoff in river basins. In South Africa it is a major factor influencing the amount of water flowing in the catchment and covers 10% of the country's catchment area. Removal is an option to increasing flows in rivers. Looking holistically at the opportunities for development in the basin. Lessons learned include the use of watershed management for both national and international river basins. Demand side management and efficient use of water have many dimensions. Lessons learned including information and awareness coupled with socially just pricing strategies. Past experience suggests that looking at water needs also involves looking at the distribution of impacts.

40. The Status Of Human Rights Organizations In Sub-Saharan Africa Information from the University of Minnesota.Category Society Issues Advocacy Organizations Africa...... (FEDDAF/WiLDAF). history. In 1989 subregional conferences were held in Kenya,Ghana, Uganda, Zimbabwe, senegal and Botswana, with a view to creating the http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/senegal.htm

The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Senegal BACKGROUND Since Senegal attained independence in 1960, the country has functioned with a liberal democratic, constitutional system of government. A multi-party system has been the norm of the Senegalese polity. One legacy of the country's colonial history is that Senegal has produced one of Africa's best intelligentsia. Senegal is a country of ethnic and religious diversity, which has a cosmopolitan outlook on issues. It has, on the whole, a tradition of pluralism, with a highly-organized civil society, including trade unionists, students, academics and other professionals. The pluralistic character of the society is expressed through the lively, albeit often elitist, discourse which is reflected in the spectrum of print media which exists in the country. Senegal has also had strong legal and political institutions since independence. The Senegalese Constitution of 1963 proclaimed respect for freedom and liberties and provided for their protection. It protects political liberties, the right to form trade unions, rights of the individual, freedom of worship, right to property and other economic and social rights. The country has ratified or acceded to ten international human rights covenants and conventions without any reservations. It also ratified the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights in 1982. Since 1988, however, the Senegalese state has been sliding gradually into a type of "democratic authoritarianism." Certain articulate sectors of the society challenged the election results of 1988 as having been rigged, and considerable violence ensued. Since that time, the government appears to be narrowing the space for civil society. One study, for example, indicates that from February 1988 to the beginning of November 1993, the government authorized only three applications related to the right to assemble and demonstrate. As recently as March 8, 1994, the authorities refused permission for a number of groups to demonstrate in celebration of International Women's Day.

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