81. Scotsman.com - Heritage - Your Heritage - Scots History echoes of their language – and the scots, from Ulster By the 10th and 11th centuries,gaelic was in use but by the 12th century, Northern english dialect had http://www.heritage.scotsman.com/cfm/yourheritage/history.cfm?navlevel3=Scots Hi

82. Scottish Corpus Of Texts And Speech - Background The presentday linguistic situation in Scotland is complex, with speakers ofScottish english, scots, gaelic and numerous community languages making up http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/background/

Background Background The team Board members How to help ... Links Recent years have brought significant changes to the political situation in Scotland. This new political situation has been accompanied by a resurgence of interest in the languages and culture of Scotland. On 1 July 1999, for example, in a historic address, the late Donald Dewar offered a 'handsel' to the Queen at the opening of the new Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh. A 'handsel' is a gift intended to bring good luck to something new or to a new beginning. He was thus marking this special occasion in a traditional Scottish manner. Scotland has a distinctive and colourful language heritage. The present-day linguistic situation in Scotland is complex, with speakers of Scottish English, Scots, Gaelic and numerous community languages making up Scottish society. However, surprisingly little reliable information is available on a variety of language issues such as the survival of Scots, the distinguishing characteristics of Scottish English, or the use of non-indigenous languages such as Chinese and Urdu. This lack of information presents significant problems for those working in education and elsewhere. A New Era in Language Studies Advances in computer technology have now made it possible to store and analyse very large quantities of information in a way which would have been unthinkable a few decades ago. As a result, in recent years much research in the Humanities has focused on the building of large text archives. Such resources offer exciting opportunities to study language on a broad scale and with an accuracy which would otherwise be impossible.

83. UniLang :: View Topic - Gaelic (Scots) - Gàidhlig you're talking about Scottishgaelic (or scots-gaelic for short you will find thatit's much regular than english! gaelic has what you called slender and broad http://anaproy.homeip.net/unilang/forum/viewtopic.php?t=569

84. Scots Gaelic In Relation To Other Celtic Languages scots gaelic, Irish, Manx. ceann, ceann, kione. Càisg, Caisc, Caisht. bàrd,bard, bardagh. trì, tri, tree. P Celtic. Welsh, Cornish, Breton, english. pen,pen, penn, head. http://www.gaelic-scotland.co.uk/Background.html

SEARCH/LORG You are in Home Scots Gaelic in relation to other Celtic languages Menu About Gaelic Background History Current Status Language Sound Files Links Trivia Maps - Clàir lùil Register - Dean Clàràdh Sitemap - Clàr a' Làraich BACKGROUND The splendours of Scotland are legendary. They reveal themselves in various and diverse ways, but one of Scotland's most enigmatic attractions is more often heard than seen. It is Gaelic, the language in longest continuous use in Scotland, an historic language rich in idiom and expression. It is also a language whose profound influence is felt practically everywhere throughout Scotland and particularly so in the Highlands. Gaelic is yet another compelling reason to visit the Highlands and Islands - as if any more excuses were needed! Today Gaelic (pronounced gaa-lick here, rather than gay-lick) is spoken by over 60,000 people in Scotland, most of whom are in the north and west and in many of the nation's cities, notably Glasgow. There is also a Scots Gaelic speaking community in Canada's Cape Breton Island made up of descendants of mainly 19th century Highland emigrants. For centuries the ancient Celts dominated much of Europe and they were hugely important in the continent's cultural, linguistic and artistic development. But the Celtic peoples and their languages were gradually displaced towards the north-western extreme of Europe and today Scots Gaelic is one of only six Celtic languages which remain.

85. Welcome To Engwrit 101 At The University Of Auckland, New Zealand. Varieties of Scottish english scots gaelic; english North (ESL); South(west)(nonstandard variety); Urban areas (Standard Scottish english). Scottish english http://www.arts.auckland.ac.nz/online/linguist307/scots.html

LINGUIST 307 Info Course Outline References Assessment ... English Dept LINGUIST 307 English Worldwide email tutor Scottish English SCOTS Reasons for Variation Dialect vs. Accents RP British English Includes: Standard Scottish English Irish English phonological features grammatical features Languages of Scotland Scots Gaelic Scots English Scots (pre 1600) prescribed form of English in Scotland established literature Historical events that affected the status of 'Scots' James VI moved to England King James bible Varieties of Scottish English Scots Gaelic English North (ESL) South(west) (non-standard variety) Urban areas (Standard Scottish English) Scottish English Consonants rhotic dark 'l' no aspiration velar fricative / X / non-initial glottalization of / t / Scottish English Vowels Simplified vowel System monophthongs phoneme loss: / a / palm vs pam pool vs pool caught / cot Centralization / u / / I / Scottish Vowel Length Rule: V [ +long ] voiced fricative r stem finally Scottish English Grammar Verbs My hair needs washed I'm needing a cup of tea Auxiliaries Had you a good time?

86. People Of Ireland - The Scots, Part 1 King of Ireland, but his challenge to english rule in expand their Irish interests,bringing in scots tenants who spoke a variant of their own gaelic language. http://www.irelandseye.com/irish/people/settlers/scots1.shtm

// Where you place this code is where the random proverb will be displayed. document.write(topbanads[rand(ideas.length)]) Search the site: powered by FreeFind Search the Internet // Where you place this code is where the random proverb will be displayed. document.write(ideas[rand(ideas.length)]) The Scots part 1 History and geography have combined to make Ulster almost as much a Scottish as an Irish province; the Scots have played an important role in shaping the life of the province, but they have, like other peoples, contributed their share of disharmony and conflict in Ireland. Finlay Holmes Geography and history have combined to link the peoples of what we now call Scotland and Ireland closely together. The Mull of Kintyre, which can be seen from Ireland on a clear day, is only twelve miles from the coast of Co. Antrim. Over the centuries, the narrow channel between the two countries has been a bridge for people and ideas moving in both directions. Ireland's first inhabitants may have used that route to enter the island and, later, Scotland took its name from the Scotti - Latin for Irish - who, in the sixth century AD, extended their north-eastern kingdom of Dal Riata eastwards into what is now Argyll. The great monastery of

87. Scots Heritage Presentations At The Kansas City Scottish Highland Games The bands and the dancers were SMASHING! and there wasn'ta HOOLIGAN in sight! .All these english words are actually derived from scots gaelic. http://www.kcscottishgames.org/heritage.html

Join Us Contact Us Directions Tickets ... Home Scots Heritage Gaelic Language WELCOME TO SCOTS GAELIC "Did you hear? There were a SLEW of people at the Highland Games! There was food GALORE The bands and the dancers were SMASHING - and there wasn't a HOOLIGAN in sight!" All these English words are actually derived from Scots Gaelic. In the Scotland of Hollywood ( Braveheart, Rob Roy, Brigadoon ), everyone speaks Scots, so our idea of Scotland is Robert Burns and Auld Lang Syne . There is, however, a much older language of the people of Scotland brought by immigrants who crossed the Irish Sea to Scotland in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. As these newcomers settled into their new homeland, the use of Gaelic became widespread - as is evident in place names and geologic features. Gaelic survives to this day as a vibrant language in two hemispheres. It is spoken by Gaels in the highlands and the islands of Scotland in Europe. In the Americas, Gaelic is spoken in Nova Scotia today, and it is thought that the rhythm of the Gaelic language and Gaelic's broad, soft vowel sounds are the basis for the Southern drawl, due to the heavy settlement of the Southeastern United States by Scottish and Irish immigrants. Suas Leis Gaidhlig!

88. Machine Assisted Translation - Languages Of The British Isles Familiar scots gaelic words which have come into english include cairn, clan,claymore, crag, gillie (meaning servant), glen, loch, ptarmigan, slogan and http://www.bfbs.org.uk/britishisles/britishlanguages.html

LANGUAGES OF THE BRITISH ISLES SPOKEN LANGUAGES Within the British Isles many hundreds of languages are spoken by communities originating from all over the world e.g. Punjabi, Bengali, Urdu, Gujarati, Cantonese, Polish, Italian and Greek. T here are generally considered to be six indigenous spoken languages: English which is the language of the majority, and the Celtic languages: Scots Gaelic Irish Gaelic Manx Gaelic, Welsh and Cornish OTHER INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES As well as the spoken languages there are two sign languages, widely used by the deaf and hard of hearing communities: British Sign Language (BSL) Irish Sign Language Two creoles are recognised: Romani (Romany) spoken by Gypsies Shelta (Sheldru) spoken by Travellers (Tinkers) Formerly there were the other languages e.g. Anglo-Norman French , a form of French spoken by the Norman aristocracy in mediaeval times. French is now only used by a small number of people in the Channel Islands, but it lent many words to the English language. Cumbric , a Celtic language, similar to Welsh, spoken in Cumbria until mediaeval times. Elements of Cumbric survive in dialect.

89. From Scots To New Zealand English Ulster scots, influenced by the 17 th c in the west, are highly conservative, influencedby gaelic. of Dublin and Belfast, are heavily influenced by english. http://kfa.univ.szczecin.pl/histvar/scotsNZ.html

VARIETIES OF ENGLISH: FROM SCOTLAND TO NEW ZEALAND SCOTS ENGLISH The variety of English most distinct from British English out of all the varieties within the British Isles. Also called the ‘Scots language’ because of the extent of its divergence from Standard English (though has no official existence as a language), enjoys a special status – esp. used in law, local government, religion, and education. Unique in that it has a clearly defined history of its own, with a strong literary tradition starting in Middle English: John Barbour, the Makars (cf. “Middle Scots” in the chapter on Middle English). th c.: the use of ‘Scotticisms’ was fiercely criticized by prescriptivists. Typically Scots literary genres include comic or heroic poems. Robert Burns (18 th c.), Scotland’s national poet, is famous for ‘Auld Lang Syne’ (‘days of long ago’), an anthem sung at gatherings all over the English-speaking world, probably the best-known contribution of Scots to World English. Has a strong tradition of academic linguistic study ( Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language

90. Alasdair Baxter's Web Site OUR LANGUAGE. My native language is not english but scots gaelic. I learnedenglish as a second language at about the age of 4 or 5 years. http://www.inveriggan.freeserve.co.uk/

This is Alasdair Baxter's Personal Homepage Alasdair Baxter Fàilte mhath is thig a' steach. Welcome, and do come in. I'm very pleased that you managed to come round for a visit. I'm sure you'll stay for a cup of tea - or perhaps something a little bit stronger. I'm very sorry it will have to be the Virtual Tea because we haven't got any of the real stuff in at the moment. It's the same wi' the dram I'm afraid. At the moment, it's very difficult to send it through the cyberspace (whatever that is) but wi' a' this "new technology", anything could happen.. Anyway, it's a lot cheaper you know. We always look after the pennies north of the border - and especially in Aberdeen. Well, you see, I'm a Scotsman born and bred - and a graduate of the Granite City. Aye, you'll no' remember back in 1969 when it was a very, very cold winter. The Aberdeen Corporation Transport Department prided themselves in how well they could run their fleet of buses at minimum cost. Well, the severe frost caught them unawares and the radiators of the buses froze solid. It was a terrible, terrible situation. Ah well, they were being very careful with the money, you see. They never bought any anti-freeze for the buses. I suppose I'd better tell you a little about myself. I come from the Highlands of Scotland, a little village called Glencoe. As you can see from these pictures, it is a very attractive place.

91. Gaelic And Scots Languages include Irish, scots gaelic, Manx gaelic and scots. Conradh na Gaeilge Milwaukee'sgaelic League; Daltaí na The english translation of our name is Students of http://clan-maccallum-malcolm.3acres.org/Gaelic.html

Gaelic and Scots Languages Send updates/corrections to dougm@3acres.org This page is a collection of links to sites related to the Gaelic and Scots languages. These include Irish, Scots Gaelic, Manx Gaelic and Scots. General Gaelic An Leabharlann Ghaidhlig Againn Gaelic and Gaelic Culture a web site devoted to the language and culture of the Gaels, those people that speak or did speak any of the three Gaelic languages. Gaelic Languages Info Gaidhlig Informative site dedicated to Gaelic. North American Association for Celtic Language Teachers Irish Bord na Gaeilge Celt Corpus of Electronic Texts a collection of on-line Irish documents. Conradh na Gaeilge Milwaukee's Gaelic League Students of the Irish Language Gaelic Language Reader Interactive Irish Oideas Gael OIDEAS GAEL was founded in 1984 to promote the learning and use of Irish and to foster Irish Culture within the Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking areas) and elsewhere. The annual programme of courses and events achieves the further aim of bringing together people of Irish and other Celtic backgrounds to participate in everyday Gaeltacht life, improve their fluency in Irish and enjoy our living culture. Solas Eireann A Resource for the Irish Language and Culture.

92. Welcome that pol was the standard term for burn in this vicinity and that this early Britishname failed to be influenced by Old english , gaelic or scots (ie pow ). http://members.tripod.com/bob_newcumnock/pnburns/welcomex.html

SOURCES W.J. Watson 'The Celtic Placenames of Scotland' W.F.H. Nicolaisen 'Scottish Place-Names' JB Johnson 'Place-names of Scotland' GWS Barrow 'The Uses of Place-Names (Ed. Simon Taylor) Hugh Lorimer 'A Corner of Old Strathclyde' Alexander Murdoch 'Ochiltree Its History and Reminiscences' CH Dick Malcolm MacLennan 'Gaelic Dictionary' The Pocket Scots Dictionary (Aberdeen University Press) Johan Blaeu 'Atlas Novus, Coila Provincia' POL- Cumbric pol 'burn, stream' GWS Barrow provides an insight into the distribution of the element pol- throughout Scotland and in particular its predominance in upper Nithsdale . He concludes that pol was the standard term for burn in this vicinity and that this early British name failed to be influenced by Old English , Gaelic or Scots (i.e. pow -). The parish of New Cumnock makes a substantial contribution to the upper Nithsdale population of pol- names . It should be noted that although all the names appear in modern

93. ALLCACH2002 - Abstracts The linguistic situation in Scotland is complex, with Scottish english, scots,gaelic and numerous nonindigenous community languages all playing a role. http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/cgi-bin/abs/abs?propid=101

94. Scottish Humour, English, Irish, Scots...Americans - Scottish Culture Scottish Humour english, Irish, scots Americans. Did you hear what the english,the Irish and the scots did when they heard the world was coming to an end? http://www.rampantscotland.com/humour/blhumeng.htm

Scottish Humour - English, Irish, Scots...Americans Supporters of Scotland, England and Wales After several hundred years of actual conflict, it is inevitable that there should still be a competitive element in the relationship with England. This comes through occasionally in some of the jokes which are told when the rivals meet. Included in this section are a few other "ethnic" jokes - involving such diverse stereotypes as Americans and Texans (you can take a joke, can't you?). An Englishman entered a bar and stood beside a Scotsman. After they had chatted for a while the Scot asked "Where are you from?" The Englishman replied "I'm from the finest country in the world." The Scot looked sceptical and replied "Are you? You have a damn funny accent for a Scotsman." Did you hear what the English, the Irish and the Scots did when they heard the world was coming to an end? The English all went out and got drunk. The Irish all went to church. And the Scots had a closing down sale. An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman were each left 5,000 pounds by a rich man on condition that after his death they would each put 100 pounds into his coffin in case he needed it in the afterlife. The Englishman and the Irishman duly put in their hundred pounds. The Scotsman took out the 200 pounds and put in a cheque (check) for 300 pounds. An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman were standing looking at a prize cow in a field. The Englishman says

95. Scottish Culture And Heritage: Languages In the late 20thC all scots can speak, read and write english. Both Gaelicand scots have suffered from centuries of education in formal english. http://www.scotsmart.com/info/culture/languages.html

Info Home Edinburgh Glasgow Robert Bruce ... Whisky Scottish Culture and Heritage: Languages During Roman times two main languages were documented in Scotland. In the south the language was British or Cumbric which is P-Celtic probably close to Welsh. In the north Pictish which was also P-Celtic appears more related to continental Gaulish possibly brought by refugees of early Roman expansion. There is also the suggestion that this P-Celtic Pictish was only the language of the ruling classes among the Picts and that another much more ancient pre-Celtic tongue was used by the ordinary Picts. The 5-6thC saw the arrival of the more ancient Q-Celtic Gaelic Scots from Ireland to the West of Scotland. The 7-8thC saw the influx of Germanic Angles who brought Anglian , ancestor of modern Scots, into the south east. In the 9thC Scandinavians speaking Norse settled in the Northern Isles and Caithness. At this time all five languages must have been in use. First to suffer were the P-Celtic languages under pressure from all sides. When Scots King Kenneth gained the Pictish throne in 843, Pictish culture and language didn't last long. British disappeared as Strathclyde was united with Scotland . Around 1000AD Gaelic was the language of all Scotland except in the fringes where Norse or Anglian were used. Gaelic has a long and rich literary history - it has been suggested that the Bible was translated into Gaelic a 1000 years before an English translation appeared.

96. Scotland - Wikipedia although many speak various scots dialects which are quite different from StandardEnglish and some few, mostly from the Western Isles, still speak scots gaelic http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Other languages: Deutsch Esperanto Nederlands Polski ... Italiano Scotland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Scotland Scotland is a former kingdom located on the northern one third of the island of Great Britain. In 1707, the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the Kingdom of England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain (the King of Scotland had already inherited the English throne in 1603). In 1801 the Kingdom of Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922, twenty-six of Ireland's thirty-two counties left the UK to form its own Irish Free State . Scotland remains part of the remaining kingdom, now known as the

97. Carstarphen Family Scotland's linguistic heritage is complex. Though the vast majority now speakEnglish, two other languages, gaelic and scots, still have wide influence. http://www.edwards1.com/car/scotswords.htm

About the Scotish Language Demographic trends While the land area of Scotland makes up about a third of that of the United Kingdom, its population constitutes only 9 percent, with the greatest concentration in the central belt. Since the mid-1960s there has been a significant shift in age structure, with an increase in the older age groups (65 and over) and an even more marked decrease in the young (aged 15 and under). North Sea oil has brought many people to the northeast and north, not only from other parts of Scotland and the United Kingdom but also from other countries, notably the United States. Large-scale emigration of Scots to countries such as Canada, the United States, and Australia has dwindled. Scots language (Encyclopedia Britannica.com, June 2000) Here are some example of Scotish Words: A-B C-D E-F G-H-I-J ablow - below aboot - about actin - acting agane - again agin - against aheid - head ain - own aipple - apple airieplane - aeroplane an aw - also, too

98. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Scots Gaelic (S-Z) Introduction; Language Profile. LEARNING scots gaelic Elementary online course; Learning Scottishgaelic-EnglishDictionary. RESOURCES Learning resources; College http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Lan

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Scots Gaelic document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); World Book Online Article on GAELIC LANGUAGE Introduction Language Profile LEARNING SCOTS GAELIC ... Contact Us

99. Travels In The UK - A Perfectly Proper Holiday - Dialects And Languages Faclair Gàidhlig Beurla Complete text of MacFarlane's (Scottish-) gaelic - EnglishDictionary. gaelic.net Encourages the active use of scots gaelic and to http://skell.org/SKELL/travels/dial.htm

Home Introduction Daily Journal Library ... Medicine Dialects and Languages All sites will open in a new window. For fun: A dictionary of English slang and British colloquialisms currently used in the UK, including over 3000 expressions. By Ted Duckworth. English to Geordie Translator A humorous conversion of English to Geordie, the dialect of Northumbria, NorthEast England. Scottish Words Illustrated An archive of Scots words humorously illustrated in cartoons. Includes a quiz of common Scots words. UK Dialect Translator Translate your English phrase into different British dialects including Geordie, Yorkshire, Brummie, Posh, and Scots. For the more serious minded Comparison of Irish and Scottish Gaelic Common phrases presented in English, Gaidhlig (Scottish Gaelic) and Gaeilge (Irish Gaelic) from SMO (Sabhal Mór Ostaig), a Further Education college in the island of Skye, Scotland. Faclair Gàidhlig - Beurla Complete text of MacFarlane's (Scottish-) Gaelic - English Dictionary. Gaelic.net Encourages the active use of Scots Gaelic and to provide both learners and native speakers alike with a comprehensive source of information about the Gaelic language, culture and world wide community. Gaelic Dictionaries Online A listing of Manx, Scottish and Irish Gaelic resources online.

100. Slrcltae Children in Scotland Arts charity for bairns; warks in scots, english and Gaelicemail info@childreninscotland.org.uk website www.childreninscotland.org.uk. http://www.pkc.gov.uk/slrc/slrcltae.htm

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