41. Ulster-Scots & Irish Unionist Resource - Languages, Scottish Gaelic, Irish Gaeli Richard Archibalds`s Homepage, Learn Ulsterscots. Site in english, Ulster-scotsand Irish gaelic . scots Online, Comprehensive scots language website . http://www.ulster-scots.co.uk/docs/articles/language.htm

Community Page Forum / Email List Guestbook GuestMap Welcome. This section of the site will shortly expand to include articles about the Ulster-Scots / Scots language and also Irish gaelic. European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages The European Union funded European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages. . The Ulster-Scots Agency The government funded Ulster Scots Agency set up under the Good Friday Agreement along with its Irish language counter part. . BBC Northern Ireland - Learning - Culture A look at Ulster-Scots and the Irish language from the BBC . Ullans / Ulster-Scots Ullans / Lallans Website sponsored by the Ulster-Scots Resource Centre . Ullans.com Scots-irish Ullans / Lallans Website . Richard Archibalds`s Homepage Learn Ulster-Scots. Site in English, Ulster-Scots and Irish Gaelic . Scots Online Comprehensive Scots language website . Itchy Coo Scots Language educational and book site . Ulster-Scots Language From the US based Scotch Irish Net website . Linen Hall Library The Ulster Scots Language and Dialects of Ulster Collection in the Linen Hall Library .

42. HyperDic, Online English Dictionary > Scots Of or relating to or characteristic of Scotland or its people or culture or itsEnglish dialect or gaelic language. Examples scots gaelic ; The scots http://www.hyperdic.net/dic/S/Scots.shtml

HyperDic Words Help HyperDic is a hyper-dictionary of English , based on WordNet , a semantic web of English words. This version links 27462 word forms, while the full offline dictionary on CD-rom covers more than 120,000 entries. Advertisements: Promote your products advertize on hyperdic.net 1001 Magazines magazine subscriptions TV-shopping order tv-products online The word " Scots " has 2 different senses: Adjective: pert Of or relating to or characteristic of Scotland or its people or culture or its English dialect or Gaelic language. Noun: communication The dialect of English used in Scotland. Pronunciation: s k aa1 t s Scots Senses pert Meaning: Of or relating to or characteristic of Scotland or its people or culture or its English dialect or Gaelic language. Examples: "Scots gaelic" "The Scots community in New York" Pertains to: Scotland Scots Senses communication Meaning: The dialect of English used in Scotland. Broader: English English language Synonyms: Scottish Scots English Narrower: Lallans Scottish Lallans by MegaDoc Policies: Privacy robots

43. Gaelic Words In English From the gaelicL Archives - various contributers english Irish gaelic scots gaelicMeaning of gaelic - airt http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~ag371/Gaelic/faclan.htm

Gaelic Words in English A Draft of Suggestions for Further Study by Ken MacKinnon Scots or Scottish English is perhaps the first place to look for Gaelic words coming into English; unfortunately quite a number of these words are unfamiliar outside Scotland: Dule or dool, as a noun signifying grief or distress, or as an adjective meaning sad or sorrowful, comes from the Gaelic noun "doilgheas" (sorrow, affliction) and the adjective "duilich" (difficult, sorry, grievous). Keelie (a rough young man, a tough) and gillie (an attendant to a sport hunter/fisher on a Highland estate) derived from "gille" (a lad, a young man, a servant). Sassenach (an English person) from Sasunnach. Other Scots words like these can be cited, as I do in the two lists that follow; note that words in list (a) are topographical and that even some in (b) descibe features visible on the land: Some words entered directly into English, without necessarily first becoming widely used in Lowland Scotland (many of these are 20th century borrowings): While a number of the above are universally recognized today by English speakers, some are known only in areas of the world where Gaelic once dominated ("a skiff of snow" is heard mainly in Nova Scotia and P.E.I.). Sometimes the Gaelic word, or part of it, is truncated or changed while an attempt is made to shift it into English spelling conventions. Sometimes the sense changes in the way that many words given time and use, but the point being made here is that the word originated either with Gaels using English or English-speakers hearing bits of Gaelic being repeated. Sometimes a Gaelic word similar to an English one will give an added sense to the English word.

44. BBC - History - Wars And Conflicts - Plantation Of Ulster - Ulster Scots who came then and later in the century were Scottish settlers who with few exceptionsspoke neither gaelic nor english. Their language was scots, a Germanic http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/plantation/ulsterscots/index.shtml

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH FRIDAY 11th April 2003 Text only BBC Homepage History Wars and ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Michael Montgomery, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of English at the University of South Carolina, examines how the Plantation of Ulster shaped the linguistic history of Ulster The linguistic history of Ulster By Prof. Michael Montgomery Printable version the official Plantation is often seen as independent from surrounding developments... The Plantation of Ulster, promulgated in 1609 by King James I and launched a year later, lasted 15 years. Like many other events with definite dates, the official Plantation is often seen as independent from surrounding developments. Although it is given considerable prominence in history books from the viewpoint of the Crown it was only a mixed success. True, it brought thousands of ‘planters’ from England and Lowland Scotland to settle a landscape in six ‘escheated’ (confiscated) counties west of the River Bann that had recently been wrested from Gaelic lords. But was the Plantation, perhaps the best-known chapter in Scotland's long relationship with Ireland, the landmark it is so often described to be? After all, Scots had been drifting across the narrow waters of the Irish Sea into Antrim and Down for a generation or more (the success of Scottish lairds James Hamilton and Hugh Montgomery in bargaining for portions of the land of a Gaelic chief in north and east county Down in 1605 is a famous episode). Moreover, a much larger influx of people crossed the channel three generations later, in the 1690s, after famine and other disruptions beset Scotland.

45. BBC - History - Church And State a second front in the war against the english empire The scots would come, he saidnot as invader but What he was proposing, then was a gaelic alliance, across http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/schama_ireland01.shtml

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH FRIDAY 11th April 2003 Text only BBC Homepage History State ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Ireland and the Invasions by the English and Scots, c. 1170 - 1320. by Professor Simon Schama. 1 of 7 Background to invasion Anglo-Norman arrival Henry II Colonisation ... Printable Version Carrickfergus Castle was built after the Anglo-Norman invasion of 1170. Background to invasion For all the devastating completeness of the Scots victory at Bannockburn in 1314, Robert I, King of Scotland, knew that it was a battle he had won, not the war. A year later his claim to the crown of Scotland had still not been recognised by Edward II, King of England. Bruce and the Scottish nation also knew there was always the possibility that before long another great army of English knights and Welsh archers would come lumbering up over the Tweed. ...Ireland shall never be separated from the crown of England... All his instincts - strategically sharp as always - told Bruce he needed to hit the English while they were still on the floor, and hit them where it hurt. The war was taken over the border into Northumbria, now subjected to raids of unsparing ferocity. For over twenty years the Scots held the initiative in northern England, terrorising the population and carrying off their goods. And then in May 1315, he did something much, much, bolder. Bruce's brother Edward landed a formidable Scottish army, at least five thousand strong, near Carrickfergus in the north-east of Ireland. In effect, this opened a second front in the war against the English empire. Robert had smoothed his brother's way by writing a remarkable letter to: 'all the kings of Ireland, the prelates and clergy and to the inhabitants of all Ireland, our friends'. The Scots would come, he said not as invader but as liberators for: 'our people and your people, free in times past, share the same national ancestry and are urged to come together more eagerly and joyfully in friendship by a common language and common custom'. What he was proposing, then was a Gaelic alliance, across the Irish Sea, 'so that God willing, nostra natio - our nation - may be restored to her former liberty'.

46. Untitled be bilingual in gaelic and english and that facilities for simultaneous translationfrom gaelic in the single MSP who is incapable of speaking scots-english. http://www.his.com/~rory/Natlang.html

From Gael Force to Farce Scotland has probably more households where Urdu is spoken than Gaelic-speaking ones, writes Allan Massie in The Scotsman for 21 March 1998 YOU could seat all Scotland's professed Gaelic-speakers in the stands at Murrayfield, and not many would have to spill over on to the pitch. If you restricted your invitation to those who habitually use Gaelic as the means of communication within the family home and the circle of their friends, a very much smaller stadium would accommodate them. The noise made by the Gaelic lobby and the attention paid to it are out of proportion to its size. Tynecastle would probably be too big. Yet Mr (or Miss, Mrs or Ms) S MacAdhaimb, writing to this newspaper from Sleite in Skye, tells us that "Gaelic is the closest we have to a national language". This is preposterous, and not only because the letter is written in English, that being the national language for public discourse. The reason, apparently, is that "it was, after all, the tongue of the Scots". So indeed it was, and for the best part of a thousand years more people living in Scotland probably spoke Gaelic rather than any of the other languages which were even then spoken in the country. Around the end of the first millennium of the Christian era, it might fairly have been asserted that Gaelic was the national language. Today the claim is nonsensical. Then there are other languages spoken by immigrant groups, whose members outside the family will commonly speak English or Scots-English. Examples are Urdu, Cantonese Chinese, Italian and Polish. There are probably more households in Scotland where Urdu is spoken than there are Gaelic-speaking ones.

47. Scots/Doric Language Learning Materials United Kingdom, and when the average Highlander ultimately abandoned his gaelic,he replaced it with Highland english. His ancestors had never spoken scots. http://www.his.com/~rory/dorintro.html

Introduction to the Scots/Doric Language When the refugee, Margaret Atheling came to Scotland in 1066, the language of the court was Gaelic. In fact, Gaelic was the common language for most of the country, the exceptions being in the South-East and the North and West. The English-speaking Northumbrians had occupied the South-East for over 300 years and had been ousted from there only fifty years earlier after their defeat by Malcolm II at the Battle of Carham in 1018. So it is not surprising that English had continued to be spoken there when Margaret came. The North and West had been occupied by the Norsemen for almost as long; what I find surprising is that in the Western Isles, the Gaelic had persevered in spite of the Norse domination. The King of Scots, Malcom Canmore was smitten with Margaret and soon made her the new Queen of Scots even though he was already married to Ingebjord Thorfinnsdotter. Margaret was unhappy with the ways of the Celtic court and church and worked tointroduce Saxon customs including the Saxon language as well as their Roman Catholic religion. But could one woman, albeit a much admired queen, change the language of a nation so completely that English had become the dominant language in less than 200 years later? Not by herself, of course. But just as she set the forces in motion that resulted in the rise of the Romish Church, so did she do the same for"Inglis' as English was first called in Scotland. The first of these forces was her several sons by Malcolm, particularly the youngest, David the First who ruled Scotland from 1124 to 1153 . It was he who paved for the Norman invasion of Scotland, as his guest nobles.

48. Scots Tongue There are dictionaries of Scottish words; for example, see the Concise scots Dictionary(Aberdeen University Dougal/Dugal, gaelic 'Dugall', english 'Dugald http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/general/scots.html

Scots tongue Scottish Pronunciation Scottish Words Scottish Given Names Scottish Family Names ... Scottish Place Names This is an informal guide to the Scots tongue for the benefit of occasional visitors to Scotland. It makes no claims to be authoritative, complete or accurate. Scottish Pronunciation The major regions in Scotland (e.g. Aberdeen, Ayrshire, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Fife, Inverness) have their own distinct accents and dialect words. See, for example, the Glasgow Patter books by Michael Munro (Holmes McDougall, Glasgow). Many older words survive thanks to the poetry of Robert Burns and others. There are dictionaries of Scottish words; for example, see the Concise Scots Dictionary (Aberdeen University Press). Sound/Word Pronunciation ch This is an aspirated 'k' sound as in the German 'ach'. Gaelic glottal stop In some areas of Scotland (e.g. Glasgow), the final 't' of a word is not pronounced. Instead the throat is closed to cut the word off. Thus 'bit' might sound more like 'bih' (with a short and truncated vowel), or 'water' as 'wa-er'. Milngavie A town near Glasgow whose pronunciation is commonly used to confuse visitors ('Mil-guy' or 'Mul-guy').

49. REVIEW: GAELIC-L@irlearn.ucd.ie capability, and this is mirrored to gaelicL. There now follows some info in english,Irish gaelic (IG), scots gaelic (SG) and Manx gaelic (MG) about the list. http://www.bauser.com/news.groups.reviews/MailingLists/Gaelic-l.html

GAELIC-L@irlearn.ucd.ie This review is part of the news.groups.reviews archives Search the news.groups.reviews archives Keywords: These news.groups.reviews archives

50. The U Of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Index S Zoquean Scandinavian SEE North Germanic SCHEME (D) SEE LISP SchwyzerTutsch SEEGerman Scotch gaelic SEE scots gaelic scots SEE english scots english (D) SEE http://www.lib.umt.edu/guide/lang/xsx.htm

Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library Welcome! You have reached the "S" portion of the Comprehensive Language Index to the "Language Finger" homepage; Language Finger is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana Comprehensive Language Index S Language Family or Type S COMPUTER LANGUAGE Saami SEE Lappish Saanich Algonkian-Mosan Saaroa Austric Sabaean Ethiopic SEE Ethiopic Sabanes Ge-Pano-Carib Sabellian Indo-Hittite Sabidic SEE Coptic Sabine Indo-Hittite Sac SEE Fox Sacapultec Macro-Penutian Saclan SEE Bay Miwok Sahaptian SEE Sahaptin Sahaptin Macro-Penutian Saharan Nilo-Saharan Saho Afro-Asiatic Saho-Afar SEE Saho OR Afar St. Lawrence Island Inuit-Aleut Saisiyat Austric Saka Indo-Hittite Sakai Austric Sakian SEE Saka Salar Ural-Altaic Salinan Hokan-Siouan Salinan-Chumashan Hokan-Siouan Salish Algonkian-Mosan Salishan Algonkian-Mosan Salivan Undetermined South American Indian Saluma Ge-Pano-Carib Sama SEE Bajau Samaran Austric Samaritan Afro-Asiatic Same SEE Lappish Samish Algonkian-Mosan Samnorsk SEE Norwegian Samoan Austric Samojedische Relationship Undetermined Samoyed (Branch) Ural-Altaic Samoyed (Language) SEE Nenets Samoyede SEE Samoyed (Branch) Samoyedic SEE Samoyed (Branch) San Khoisan San Bartolome (D) Macro-Penutian San Carlos Apache (D) Na-Dene San Francisco Solano (D) SEE Solano San Jose El Paraiso SEE Coatlan San Miguel Chimalapa (D) Macro-Penutian San Poil-Nespelem Algonkian-Mosan Sanaga Niger-Kordofanian Sanaviron Macro-Chibchan Sandalwood English PIDGIN or CREOLE Sandawe Khoisan Sango Niger-Kordofanian

51. A Bheil Gàidhlig Agad? Up until the 16th Century, Irish and scots gaelic were the same language. They beganto deviate as english policy began to subdue the Irish and create barriers http://www.employees.org/~mcgregor/clan_gaelic/clan_gaelic_susa.html

MCC - MacGregor Cyber Clan A bheil Gàidhlig agad? Date: 3/14/99 Siusaidh Morgan Dubh, Oileanach na Gàidhlig Do you have the Gaelic? Your Scottish ancestors spoke the Gaelic long before they ever spoke English. In fact, as our forefathers (and foremothers!) traveled west across the continent of Europe, they left traces of the ancient Celtic language in place names (for instance Belgium is named for a Celtic tribe, the Belgae; the Danube River for the Celtic Goddess Danu.) The Celtic languages are the westernmost part of the Indo-European family of languages, which spread from Central Europe east to India (where they speak Hindi), and west to Ireland (where they speak Gaeilge The Celtic languages are divided into two branches, the Gaelic ( Goidelic ) Branch being Irish, Scots and Manx Gaelic; the British ( Brythonic ) Branch being Welsh, Cornish and Breton. Although they once spoke a common parent tongue, the Celtic tribes emigrated west and south during the time of the "great migrations" in early European history . Scholars now theorize that the Gaelic branch of the Celts emigrated from Central Europe, across Gaul, to Galatia, in Spain (where there are still remnants of Celtic culture in the music and art), then to Ireland. The British Celts emigrated from Central Europe, across Gaul to Britain. After the split, the two separate branches of the original Celtic language evolved. Up until the 16th Century, Irish and Scots Gaelic were the same language. They began to deviate as English policy began to subdue the Irish and create barriers between Ireland and Scotland.

52. Ethnologue United Kingdom IndoEuropean, Germanic, West, North Sea, english. gaelic, scots (gaelic) GLS 88,892including 477 monolinguals, 88,415 bilinguals in Scotland (1971 census http://198.62.75.5/www3/ethno/Unit.html

53. Scotland Guide : Scottish FAQ : The History Of Language In Scotland As to gaelic and english in Scotland, The Highlands of The scots (gaelic speaking)extended their region of Dalriada into Argyllshire, between 500 and 550. http://www.siliconglen.com/scotfaq/2_5.html

Silicon Glen, Scotland Scotland FAQ Celtic information The history of language in Scotland In Britain (including Scotland), Brythonic Celtic predates Gaelic by almost 1000 years or so. Being spoken from Kent up to Glasgow and across to Wales. Some people even suggest that Brythonic was spoken in Ireland before Gaelic, but this notion begs the question... Where did Gaelic come from and when? But that's another story. Pictish (possibly Celtic) would probably predate even brythonic. About 785, Pictland started to receive attacks from bands of Norse invaders and these lead to Pictish defeats and in the 830 (approx), the Norse invaders made permanent settlements. In 843 Dalriada threw off Pictish control, where upon the Scots King Kenneth MacAlpine laid claim to the Pictish throne through the Celtic law of Tanistry. Followed by the union of the Picts and the Scots. The now "United Kingdom" tried to oust the Northumbrians from Lothian but were unsuccessful. At this time the Norse people occupied the Western Isles, Northern Isles and Caithness. The Scots allied themselves to the English to get rid of the Norse Invaders and sometimes allied themselves with the Norse to get rid of the English.

54. Scotland Guide : Scottish FAQ : Scots Gaelic Products And Catalogue publishing have a bilingual gaelic/english Highland calendar http//www.scottishcalendars.co.uk/.Scottish FAQ FAQ Contents scots gaelic products and http://www.siliconglen.com/scotfaq/7_4.html

Silicon Glen, Scotland Scotland FAQ Gaelic language Scots Gaelic products and catalogue Am Muileann Dubh A' Chatalog Ghaidhlig 12A Talla na Feille (Victorian Market) Inbhir Nis (Inverness) Tel: 01463 729 006 Fax: 01463 729 334 http://www.highlanderweb.co.uk/muileann/dubh/ mailto: mdubh@cali.co.uk Also Firtree publishing have a bilingual Gaelic/English Highland calendar http://www.scottish-calendars.co.uk/ Scottish FAQ FAQ Contents Top ... Q-HTML V2.5 by Craig Cockburn created this page on 09-Feb-2003 at 23:43:40

55. Scotland - Communicating With The Scots Lallans or Lowland scots is an english dialect that incorporates Norse,German and gaelic words. english, gaelic scots. Please, Mas e do thoil e. http://cwr.utoronto.ca/cultural/english/scotland/commun.html

Co MMUNICATING WITH THE S COTS M ost Scots speak English. About 80,000 people still speak Scottish Gaelic, primarily in the Highlands, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, and on the islands of Shetland and Orkney. Lallans or Lowland Scots is an English dialect that incorporates Norse, German and Gaelic words. Although some of these words are still used by Scots people, Lallans is now considered a literary language only, preserved in the works of writers such as Robert Burns. G aelic (pronounced "Gallic" in Scotland) belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. There are 18 letters in the Gaelic alphabet. Gaelic word order differs from English. For example, in English one would say "The dog eats its food," but in Gaelic, it would be "Eats the dog its food." U ntil the 18th century, there was a rich Gaelic culture in the Highlands. However, after the unsuccessful rebellion by Bonnie Prince Charlie in 1745, the English suppressed the use of Gaelic. In the 1970s, Gaelic was revived. It is now being taught in schools and universities. This new interest extends to Gaelic music, literature and cultural events. S cottish radio and television stations broadcast news and entertainment, but many people listen to and watch the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) radio and television from England. Scotland has a strong printing and publishing industry and produces many newspapers, magazines and books.

56. Glossary (Scottish Gaelic Given Names) Normalized gaelic orthography had fairly fixed rules; accordingly, we can constructa spelling scots scots is a language closely related to english. http://www.medievalscotland.org/scotnames/gaelicgiven/gloss.shtml

Please do not add direct links to this web page from your own web site. Instead, link to Scottish Gaelic Given Names Scottish Gaelic Given Names: Glossary Draft Edition Last updated 20 Mar 2002 Normalized Gaelic orthography had fairly fixed rules; accordingly, we can construct a spelling which we have not actually found in period records. This is called a normalized spelling, which can be thought of as a theoretically correct spelling according to the rules for the period under consideration rather than the most common spellings actually found. Scots Scots is a language closely related to English. There are many terms, some more respected than others, used for the modern Scots language and/or specific dialects of Modern Scots, including "Broad Scots", "Lallans", "Lowland Scots", "Aberdonian", "Doric", "Glaswegian", and many others. In the 14th and 15th centuries, Scots speakers themselves called their language "Inglis", while in the 16th century they took to calling it "Scottis". Some linguists consider Scots to be a separate language from English, others consider it a dialect of English. Since the categorization of independent language vs. dialect is a subjective one, there is no "one true answer". I choose to refer to Scots as a language for several reasons, including that I find it makes it easier to talk about and explain the linguistic situation in both modern and medieval Scotland.

57. Bad Celtic Page Elizabeth J. Pyatt's examination of myths and misconceptions surrounding the ancient history of the Celts.Category Society Ethnicity Celtic History...... Star Trek reference, we know Scotty Chief O'Brien are speakers of scots (english)and Hibernoenglish, but we do not know if they spoke scots gaelic or Irish http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/e/j/ejp10/lingland/faqbadcelt.html

58. Www-international@w3.org From January To March 1997: Re: Alba is preferred is Scottish gaelic a national matter? ;Scotch , originallyborrowed from english, has become the usual form in scots dialect (usually http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-international/1997JanMar/0083.html

Re: Alba From: Michael Everson ( everson@indigo.ie Date: Fri, Jan 24 1997 Next message: Andrea Vine [CONTRACTOR]: "Re: Alba, Scotch" Previous message: Chris Lilley: "Re: ISO 639-2 3-letter language codes and RFC 1766" In reply to: Chris Lilley: "Re: ISO 639-2 3-letter language codes and RFC 1766" Next in thread: Chris Lilley: "Re: Alba" Maybe reply: Chris Lilley: "Re: Alba" Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Other mail archives: [this mailing list] [other W3C mailing lists] Mail actions: [ respond to this message ] [ mail a new topic ] ietf-languages@uninett.no everson@indigo.ie ... http://www.indigo.ie/egt 27 Páirc an Fhéithlinn; Baile an Bhóthair; Co. Átha Cliath; Éire Next message: Andrea Vine [CONTRACTOR]: "Re: Alba, Scotch" Previous message: Chris Lilley: "Re: ISO 639-2 3-letter language codes and RFC 1766" In reply to: Chris Lilley: "Re: ISO 639-2 3-letter language codes and RFC 1766" Next in thread: Chris Lilley: "Re: Alba" Maybe reply: Chris Lilley: "Re: Alba" Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Other mail archives: [this mailing list] [other W3C mailing lists] Mail actions: [ respond to this message ] [ mail a new topic ]

59. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Scots Gaelic (M-S) Glossaries Multilingual Dictionaries Translators Dictionaries by Language MS scots gaelic. gaelic Dictionary; Scottishgaelic-english Dictionary. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Ref

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Scots Gaelic document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Gaelic Dictionary Scottish-Gaelic-English Dictionary Privacy Policy Site Map ... Contact Us

60. Gaelic And Scots (b) in areas which remained gaelicspeaking much longer and in which english, ratherthan scots, tended to replace gaelic, the change from -a- to -o- occurs in http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/SESLL/STELLA/STARN/lang/GAELIC/evident.htm

Gaelic and Scots 1300-1600: Some Place-Name Evidence W. F. H. Nicolaisen Please Note : This text contains numbers highlighted in BOLD . Each number refers to the appropriate number in the NOTES AND REFERENCES section at the end of the text. quickly as possible some place-name evidence, and not the place-name evidence, for this demanding assignment. Brus of 1376, and on the other hand, the removal of a court from its homeland, as in 1603, shifts not only the political focus but also the linguistic one, depriving the homeland of powerful guidance, initiative and incentive. The three centuries from 1314 to 1603, then, may be regarded both politically and linguistically as a time of intense and essential Scottishness, never encountered in such satisfying, unquestioned consolidation before or since, despite its obvious internal dichotomies, divisions and power struggles - "interfaces", if you like - again both politically and linguistically. If the linguistic evidence is so scanty and if its scholarly scrutiny has so far been neither systematic nor common, how can

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