61. Peru's History peru history. Archaeologically, peru is the richest country in SouthAmerica. Remains of archaeological sites are widely dispersed http://www.yourexpedition.com/inti_site/pages/peru_history.html

PERU - History Archaeologically, Peru is the richest country in South America. Remains of archaeological sites are widely dispersed, especially in the coast and highlands. People from the world over are amazed by Machu Picchu. Peru is perhaps best known as the heart of the Inca Empire , but it was home to many diverse indigenous cultures long before the Incas arrived. The Incas conquered the Andean people and fostered among the most advanced of ancient American civilizations. Pre-Inca Inca Francisco Pizarro , the spanish conqueror, returned to Peru and took advantage of the situation. He captured, deceived and executed Atahualpa. Although, the Inca people resisted for nearly 40 years, Spaniards finally defeated and put and end to Inca Empire. Dive Deeper . . . . . . . . Geography People Climate Economy ... Home

62. WWW-VL History Index Directory of online resources in English and Spanish pertaining to the history of peru.Category Society history By Region South America peru......Click Here for WWWVL Main Catalogue WWW-VL history peru. Materials On-LineBooks The history of the Conquest of peru, by William Hickling Prescott; http://www.ku.edu/history/VL/americas/peru.html

WWW-VL: HISTORY: PERU ABOUT THIS NETWORK. If you are still interested or have any questions, please e-mail Lynn Harry Nelson [lhnelson@raven.cc.ku.edu]. Click here for The World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue The WWW-VL search facility. The WWW-VL History Index. Click Here to access the Mirror at Florence, Italy Click Here to access the Mirror at Lawrence, Kansas, USA Research Tools Maps Shaded Relief 1991 Political 1991 [interactive map] Peru-Ecuador Area of Border Dispute Tarapaca Province 1851 Lima 1981 Satellite Photos of Peru ... The Conquest of Peru 1531-1533 Gazetteer Towns and Villagea World Heritage Sites City of Cuzco Macchu Pichu Chavin Huascaran National Park ... Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa Language Spanish Dictionaries Dictionary of Americanismos Learn Spanish Reference Peru. A Country Study U.S. State Department Background Notes C.I.A. Factbook 1999 World Factbook 2000 - Peru Bibliography and Gateways Peru Index Library of Congress Subject Search LANIC Index [English] Adminet The Historical Journals Guide Biography Collective Biographies Atlas de la Cultura Peruana Los Santos Peruanos Individual Biographies Chronologies Materials On-Line Books The History of the Conquest of Peru , by William Hickling Prescott The Conquest of the Inca Empire by Francisco Pizzaro [Les] Incas, ou La destruction de l'empire du Pérou

63. Modern History Sourcebook: Henry C Lea (1829-1909): The Inquisition In 17th-Cent From Henry C. Lea (1829-1909) The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies, 1908. Provided by the Category Society history By Region South America peru......Back to Modern history SourceBook. Modern history Sourcebook Henry C Lea (18291909)The Inquisition in 17th-Century peru Cases of Portuguese Judaizers. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/17c-lea-limainquis.html

Back to Modern History SourceBook Modern History Sourcebook: Henry C Lea (1829-1909): The Inquisition in 17th-Century Peru: Cases of Portuguese Judaizers The most serious business of the tribunal, in the line of its proper functions, was with the apostasy of the Jewish New Christians. From the very foundation of the colonies . . . restrictions were laid on the emigration of Conversos and a law of 1543, preserved in the Recopilacion, orders that search be made for all descendants of Jews who were to be rigorously expelled. In spite, however, of the jealous care observed to preserve the colonies from all danger of Jewish infection, the commercial attractions were so powerful that the New Christians eluded all precautions. At first, however, they occupied but a small portion of the energies of the tribunal. . . . The first appearance of Jews is in the auto of October 29, 1581, when Manuel Upez, a Portuguese, was reconciled with confiscation and perpetual prison, and Diego de la Rosa, described as a native of Quito, was required to abjure de levi and was exiled - showing that the evidence against him was very dubious. . . .

64. Travel In Lima - Peru - History - WorldTravelGate.net®- WorldTravelGate.net®Information about Lima,peru,history,Gallery,Photos,Restaurants,Hotels,CarRental,Rentals,Campings,Travel Agencies.! Lima - history. http://www.americatravelling.net/peru/lima/lima_history.htm

Lima - History At the time of the arrival of the first Europeans in the last years of the fifteenth century, the native population of the South America, was estimated to have numbered 10 to 15 million, more than half of whom lived in the the northern and central Andes and adjacent areas. The Indians whom the first European explorers, settlers, and conqueros encountered ranged culturally from extremely primitive nomads (Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Amazon Basin) to highly advanced communities of the Inca State (in present-day Peru, northern Chile and Ecuador and the Chibchas (of present-day Colombia). These societies of the Andes are believed to have had rural communities dependent on agriculture as early as 1000 B.C. For at least 300 years before the arrival of the first Europeans (Spaniards), most of the Peru (excluding the eastern lowlands) was the heart of the Inca Empire that extended from present-day Ecuador to central Chile. The area from which the empire developed was centered in the basins and valleys of Cuzco The Incas conquered the Andean people and fostered among the most advanced of ancient American civilizations. The Incas themselves developed a civilization and administration that in many respects was of a high order, although different in basic concepts from the civilizations that prevailed in the "Old World". The Inca Empire ended with the conquest of its heartland and Capital Cuzco (1531-1533) by the Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro. Lima was founded in 1535 and became the focal point of Spanish expansion and domination of western South America. It soon became the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which until the mid-eighteenth century, extended from the Caribbean to La Plata (Argentina). During the seventeenth century Peru was the second most important producer of silver (for 20 years it was the largest producer). Indians who attempt to rebel or to evade exploitation and forced labor were executed. The establishment of the viceroyalties of New Granada (1739) in the north and La Plata (1776) in the south greatly reduced the extent and power of the colonial administration centered in Lima. Peru declared its independence in 1821, following an uprising by local European (Creole) inhabitants against the Spanish colonial rule, which came to an end only in late 1824. A long period of instability followed, during which the country was governed by a sucession of generals.

65. Travel In Nazca, Peru - History of history is quite blank. Perhaps the most fascinating of their cultural achievementswas the creation of a remarkable ground art . The Nazca peru flourished http://www.americatravelling.net/peru/nazca/nazca_history.htm

Nazca - History 1000 BCE , the Nazca Valley was inhabited by a people who developed advanced farming methods that allowed them to build an irrigation system, improve their crops, and expand the area of land they could farm. Over the next 1,500 years, they also developed outstanding skills in weaving, pottery, and architecture. The Nazca were wiped out after the Spanish conquest, so that piece of history is quite blank. Perhaps the most fascinating of their cultural achievements was the creation of a remarkable ground art . The Nazca Peru flourished in Peru from about 200 AD to 800 AD before evidence of its existence was lost below the desert sands. Now, large numbers of Nazca graves have been uncovered by both grave robbers and archaeologists. In the fifteenth century, the Inca state expanded from the Cuzco Valley through conquest and assimilation of other cultures. It became the most powerful empire in the New World. But from the time of its expansion the remarkable Inca Empire lasted only around one century before it was destroyed by the Spanish conquest in the sixteenth century. The lines of Nazca are a variety of geometrical figures, trapezoids, triangles and lines, plus animal and bird figures of hummingbirds, a whale, a monkey, a spider (shown here), a bird likened to a pelican, another like a condor, and one called the astronaut. They range in size up to 1000 ft (300m) across and are about 2000 years old.

66. Silver In Peru. History - Salrex with the silver. Silver in peru Ancient peruvians were already usingsilver, as alloys or alone, before Christ’s birth. The pre http://www.salrex.com/silver.asp

About Silver Each piece is hand-carved or engraved, making it a work of art. For that reason, the weights given are always approximate. To get a more detailed picture of any article shown in the catalogue, just click on it. Our "shopping cart" system is very easy to use; all you have to do is click on the product price in order to add an article to your cart. To see what you have put into your cart or to make your payment on-line, just click on the words: "View shopping cart" shown at the bottom of the naviagation bar. You can also make your purchases off-line. The details are given on our Ordering page Silver in the world A silver alloy is used for crafting jewelry; the small addition of copper makes the silver stronger without affecting its color in any appreciable way. In nature, silver can be found pure or as part of more or less complex ores. Generally speaking, gold ores are always found in association with the silver. Silver in Peru The Chimús (1200 to 1460 A.D.) had no direct access to gold or silver, but were able to obtain it by trading with highland peoples. They were the most accomplished metalworkers of ancient Peru, mastering a variety of techniques: pouring, refining, laminating, finishing and polishing, including filigree making. Artifacts of different kinds found at archeological sites attest to this. Later, during the Inca Empire, significant advances were made in these techniques.

67. Inca Empire - Peru, History peru, history. Evidence Spanish. *** for more info about peru, historyof peru, please visit the MSN site***. see also Inca Empire. http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/nativeamericans/peru.htm

Index Shades Inca Empire Native Americans Sources ... Guestbook Peru, History Evidence of settlement in Peru dates back thousands of years but, except for some scattered ruins, little is known of these early peoples. In about 1250 BC groups such as the Chavín, Chimú, Nazca, and Tiahuanaco migrated into the region from the north. The Chimú built the city of Chan Chan about AD 1000, ruins of which remain today. The Inca , a South American people, built one of the largest and wealthiest empires in the western hemisphere beginning in the mid-1400s. Located on the western coast of South America, the empire extended more than 4000 km (more than 2500 mi) and included regions of present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina. The city of Cuzco, situated in southern Peru, served as the Inca capital. A. Inca Empire

68. Peru Very basic information on the land, its people, history and government. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107883.html

Celebs, Models ,Movie Stars... Magazines From Around the World! Ladies..Never pay retail again! Facial care packs and Cosmetics at lowest prices ! All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network World Countries Peru Infoplease Atlas: Peru Republic of Peru National name: President: Alejandro Toledo (2001) Prime Minister: Luis Solari (2002) Area: 496,223 sq mi (1,285,220 sq km) Population (2003 est.): 28,409,897 (growth rate: 1.7%); birth rate: 22.8/1000; infant mortality rate: 37.0/1000; density per sq mi: 57 Capital and largest city (2000 est.): Lima, 7,450,000 (metro. area) Other large cities: Arequipa, 939,800; Callao, 648,000; Trujillo, 1,287,000; Chiclayo, 951,000 Monetary unit: Nuevo sol (1991) Languages: Ethnicity/race: Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% Religion: Roman Catholic (90%) Literacy rate: Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2001 est.): $132 billion; per capita $4,800.

69. MORTIMER, W. GOLDEN., Peru. History Of Coca. The Divine Plant Helen R. Kahn Assoc. Inc. MORTIMER, W. GOLDEN. peru. history of Coca. The DivinePlant of the Incas. New York JH Vail Company 1901. MORTIMER, W. GOLDEN. http://www.polybiblio.com/kahnbook/3474.html

70. Procter & Gamble - Peru - History history In 1956, we started our business selling Ace and Camay, andwe now sell more than 20 brands in six different categories. http://pg.newsware.net/latinamer/careers/peru/pages/index.cgi/history

History International History In the Spring of 1837, two earnest men in their mid-thirties worked day after day in the yard behind their small shop in Cincinnati. William Procter and James Gamble stirred boiling animal fats in a large iron kettle slung over a wood fire. The fats were essential ingredients of the soap and candles they manufactured... If you want to read more about this history, please "click" here: Return to Operations

71. LatinosStep.com - Cultura*Educacion*Ritmo - Peru's History history of peru. Evidence of settlement in peru dates back thousands of years but,except for some scattered ruins, little is known of these early peoples. http://www.latinosstep.com/CULTURA/peru/history.html

Advertise Here! Partners Link to Us Home Cultura Peru History History of Peru Evidence of settlement in Peru dates back thousands of years but, except for some scattered ruins, little is known of these early peoples. In about 1250 BC groups such as the Chavín, Chimú, Nazca, and Tiahuanaco migrated into the region from the north. The Chimú built the city of Chan Chan about AD 1000, ruins of which remain today. A. Inca Empire The Inca, sometimes called peoples of the sun, were originally a warlike tribe living in a semiarid region of the southern sierra. From 1100 to 1300 the Inca moved north into the fertile Cusco Valley. From there they overran the neighboring lands. By 1500 the Inca Empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean east to the sources of the Paraguay and Amazon rivers and from the region of modern Quito in Ecuador south to the Maule River in Chile. This vast empire was a theocracy, organized along socialistic lines and ruled by an Inca, or emperor, who was worshiped as a divinity. Because the Inca realm contained extensive deposits of gold and silver, it became in the early 16th century a target of Spanish imperial ambitions in the Americas.

72. Peru, History peru, history. Links peru South America Edit Text of this page Last editedJanuary 26, 2003 history Differences with the previous versions. http://www.capitancook.com/articles/index.php?Peru, History

73. World Travel Guide - Peru - History & Government World Travel Guide peru - history Government - includesinformation on the constitution and politics. http://www.sftpwtg.com/data/per/per580.htm

Travel Information Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Maps Regions and Cities Introduction - Overview Lima The Coast The Highlands ... Peru History and Government History: The indigenous Inca civilisation of what is now Peru was conquered by Spain in the early 16th century. The city of Lima was founded in 1535 and became the effective capital of the vice-royalty of Peru, established seven years later. Spain ruled the country until the early 19th century, using the rich silver reserves to finance its costly imperialist struggles with France, England and The Netherlands. The wars of independence, which expelled the Spanish from virtually the entire South American continent, reached Peru in the early 1820s. After the 1821 declaration of independence, Peru was challenged by the royalists. The new Government appealed to the revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar for assistance. Arriving from Colombia, Bolivar defeated the royalists at the Battle of Ayacucho in December 1824, after which he became head of state. Relations between Peru and its neighbours were difficult in the early years of independence. There were border disputes with Brazil and Ecuador (which have not been settled to this day) but especially with Chile. The War of the Pacific, which broke out between Peru, supported by Bolivia, and Chile in 1879 ended after five years with a complete victory for Chile and the loss to Peru of some southern territories. Internal problems dominated the agenda for the next 30 years as a series of governments struggled to keep the economy, which was almost completely destroyed as a result of the Pacific War, from disintegrating.

74. Artour Peru Handicrafts And Tourism: Gifts, Decoration Information From Peru Offers handicrafts and fine art including ceramics, jewelry, paintings, and apparel. Also offers local history and information. http://artourperu.com/

ArtourPeru Welcome to Artourperu.com the site for Peruvian Handicrafts and Tourism. Here you can find information of diverse Peruvian destinations, customs, Peruvian food, Peruvian folklore. If you want more information contact us to our e-mail. Also you can find Peruvian natural products ENTER SHOP Here you can find ceramics, from Chulucanas, Ayacucho, Cuzco, Wind Chimes, Wood Sculptures, Marmolina stone sculptures, silver jewelry, ecological bags, and other Peruvian crafts. If you want any other Peruvian handicrafts contact us. AOL

75. Peruvian Graffiti: History / G C I 275 Email Michael L. Smith Copyright © 2002 Michael L. Smith Updated on Wednesday,19-Mar-2003 232710 EST http//www.gci275.com/peru/history.shtml Return to http://www.gci275.com/peru/history.shtml

Peruvian History 20,000 Years in the Shadows of the Andes The Western World became aware of Peru when the Conquistador Francisco Pizarro confronted the Inca Atahualpa in the mountain town of Cajamarca in 1532. Since that encounter, the challenge has been to figure out what the mixture of cultures has produced. History seems to reside just under the Peruvian top soil. A good strong breeze can wipe away the sand and leave the burial sites and buried treasures exposed. A incident, like the Conquest, can be portrayed in popular consciousness as if it had just happened a few years ago. There are scores of reenactments of this encounter between Atahualpa and Pizarro all across Peru each year. But outsiders should avoid jumping to the conclusion that the Inca or other pre-Colombian cultures are somehow manifest in today's native Peruvians. The Indian woman selling trinkets in the market and her peers are survivors. They are the synthesis of multiple, conflicting cultural and ethnic currents. The vast majority want to join the modern world, not return to an idealized past glory. What is most challenging about understanding Peru's past is that we are continually learning more about what really happened and its meaning. Archaeology is turning up new finds. The Spanish archives in Seville are a treaure trove of information that is still being sifted through. Research in provincial archives and private papers are turning up new perspectives and raw accounts of daily life and major events. A greater comprehension of the unique natural environment allows investigators to see the interplay between man and nature in the Andes. It is a stimulating, creative and rewarding process.

76. History Of Peru history of peru. Background Notes peru of State. Britannica.com peruhistory A thorough encyclopedic history from Britannica.com. Use http://history1900s.about.com/library/world/blxperu.htm

zfp=-1 About History 20th Century History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with 20th Century History with Jennifer Rosenberg Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Major Events Maps People Photographs ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement History of Peru Background Notes: Peru Historical information from the United States Department of State. Britannica.com: Peru History A thorough encyclopedic history from Britannica.com. Use the outline below the article to navigate through the complete text of this extensive encyclopedia entry. Country Study: Peru This comprehensive book-length information from the Library of Congress includes a fantastic section of history of the country. Flags of the World: Peru Information, images, and available history of the current and past flags of the country.

77. Ancient Peru The art, history, culture, and archeology of ancient peru. Under development. Colorful interface. http://www.ancientmexico.com/peru/peru.html

78. World66.com's Travel Guide To Peru peru history. South America http://www.world66.com/Page.Asp?Loc=134&Sec=667

79. CULTUREFOCUS: Peru Photos. Pictures From Cuzco And Inca History. An introduction to peru with pictures of the Nazca Lines, Cuzco, Machu Picchu, the Ballestas Islands Category Regional South America peru Travel and Tourism......Photos from peru. Pictures and history of Cuzco (Cusco), the capitalof the Inca empire. Explore spectacular peru. Pictures and history http://www.culturefocus.com/peru.htm

CLICK ON PICTURES TO ENLARGE Peru LAND OF THE INCAS Photos from Peru. Pictures from the Inca capital city Cuzco and the Inca fortress Sacsayhuaman... HOME Machu Picchu Nazca and Paracas Lake Titicaca Peru in South America is a fascinating country. Geographically, Peru encompasses an arid coastal desert, the rugged snow-capped peaks of the Andes, and steamy rainforests that form part of the vast Amazon basin. Historically, the region has seen the development of cultures such as those of the Nazca and Inca whose legacies remain to mystify travelers and archaeologists to this day. The Inca culture was the last to arise in Peru before the arrival of adventurers from overseas... The Inca empire In the fifteenth century, the Inca state expanded through conquest of other cultures to become the most powerful empire in the New World. At its peak the Inca empire stretched for 5500 kilometers from what is now southern Columbia down through Peru to central Chile. But from the time of its expansion the remarkable empire lasted only around one century before the Spanish conquest led to its violent destruction. The Inca citadel of Machu Picchu in Peru was built in a dramatic landscape. There are photos of this remarkable Inca site on my

80. CULTUREFOCUS: Peru Photos. Pictures And History From Nazca And Paracas. Photos from peru. Pictures and history from Nazca and Paracas, includingthe Nazca Lines and Ballestas Islands wildlife. Pictures http://www.culturefocus.com/peru2.htm

CLICK ON PICTURES TO ENLARGE Peru NAZCA AND PARACAS Photos from Peru. Pictures from the Nazca and Paracas areas including the Nazca Lines and Ballestas Islands... HOME Land of the Incas Machu Picchu Lake Titicaca Pelicans on the Ballestas Islands, near Paracas. Exploring the Nazca and Paracas regions of Peru The bleak coast of southern Peru and the apparently barren desert sandwiched between the sea and the Andes mountains hold surprises. The cold ocean is rich with life and the Paracas area is a haven for birds and sea lions. And the desert holds enigmatic remains of pre-Inca cultures whose burial sites lay forgotten under the arid land for centuries before being discovered by archaeologists and grave robbers. Most remarkably, these people left the perplexing Nazca Lines that they drew into the desert surface for reasons we may never know... Wildlife of Paracas and the Ballestas Islands Despite the barren landscapes of this area of Peru, the coast of the Paracas Peninsula and the nearby Ballestas Islands are havens for marine life. The Ballestas Islands are alive with noisy colonies of sea lions and huge numbers of birds that are sustained by the food-rich waters of this stretch of the Pacific. Flamingoes take flight on the Paracas Peninsula.

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