41. American Indian/Native Americans: Treaties And Laws Digitization Project; nez perce Tribal Code (nez perce); Relations Betweenthe United States and native americans (Avalon Project); Treaties http://www.louisville.edu/library/ekstrom/govpubs/subjects/indians/indtreaty.htm

American Indian/Native Americans: Treaties and Laws Black Hills Treaty (National Archives and Records Administration) Dawes Act, February 8, 1887 (Avalon Project) Department of Justice Policy on Indian Sovereignty and Government-to-Government Relations with Indian Tribes (U.S. Department of Justice) ... Back to Subject Areas Comments to Barbara Whitener, GovPubs Webmaster URL:http://library.louisville.edu/ekstrom/govpubs/subjects/indians/indtreaty.html

42. Marilee's Native Americans Resource Chief Joseph nez perce Peacekeeper (Famous native americans), by Diane Shaughnessy,Jack carpenter, 1998 Chief Ouray Ute Peacemaker (Famous native americans http://marilee.us/nativeamericans.html

Home Word Puzzles Picturebooks KidPix/KidWorks Projects ... Link-Backs Marilee's Native Americans Resource Cherokee Comanche Cree Haida Hopi Inuit Iroquois Navajo Nez Perce Pomo Sioux Ute Wampanoag Misc. Tribes Clothing Craft Projects Famous People Legends Recipes Songs, Dances, Games Creation stories teach that Native Americans have been where they are since the world was created. It is also thought that First Americans migrated from Siberia over the Bering Strait about 14,000 years ago, or perhaps even earlier. The land bridge was dry ground for several thousand years before the sea level rose again and stopped migration. The hunters would have followed the migrating herds of large mammals as they moved south. As the glaciers melted, the First Americans spread to the North American coasts and across the entire continent. Native Americans adapted to the climates and terrains in which they lived and used whatever natural resources were available. The arrival of the Europeans in the 1500's began a change in the lives of the Indian people that continued through the next centuries. Sometimes the changes were good. The horses brought by the Spanish made bison hunting much easier and safer. But Vikings, Spanish, English and French explorers, colonists and missionaries spread diseases, made slaves of the people, forced relocations, claimed ownership of natural resources and land, and tried to stamp out the native cultures. Some of the Indian people survived, but not without making drastic changes in their life styles.

43. Marilee's Native Americans Resource - Individual Tribes Chief Joseph nez perce Peacekeeper (Famous native native americans) by Diane Shaughnessy,Jack Carpenter, 1998 The nez perce (native americans) by Richard M http://marilee.us/nativeamericans2.html

Home Native Americans I Marilee's Native Americans Resource II Individual Tribes Cherokee Comanche Cree Haida Hopi Inuit Iroquois Navajo Nez Perce Pomo Sioux Ute Wampanoag Cherokee (Southeast) Minnesota State University EMuseum's Cherokee ThinkQuest Danny Farrow's The Cherokee Trail of Tears - 1838-1839 Lee Sultzman's Cherokee History: location, population, names, language, culture, history. Extensive, informative site intended for adult reading level Cherokees of California : greeting, recipes, history, animal dictionary language lessons , stories, more Kathleen Burnett's The Cherokee Nation: photos, links Encarta.msn.com's Cherokee Don Healy's The Flag of the Cherokee of Oklahoma Matt's 4th grade report on The Cherokee Indians Suggested Children's Books The Cherokee(First Reports-Native Americans) by Petra Press, 2001 The Cherokee(True Book) by Andrew Santella, 2001 by Daniel Pennington, transl by Robert Bushyhead, 1999 The Cherokee Indians (Native Peoples) by Bill Lund, 1997 The Cherokees (A First American Book) by Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve, illus by Ronald Himler, 1996 Dancing Drum: A Cherokee Legend by Terri Cohlene, illus by Charles Reasoner, 1991

44. Native American on each of the major groups and subgroups of Idaho's native americans, organizedby current reservation status. The Coeur d'Alene and nez perce occupy their http://challenge.isu.edu/multicultural/NativeAm/nativeam.htm

Native Americans in Idaho Back to Multicultural Page Back to Challenge Grant Home Page Seven major groups claim parts of Idaho as their traditional homeland: the Couer d'Alene, the Kootenai, the Kalispell, the Nez Perce, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Bannock. Subgroups are often identified within these larger divisions. Idaho's Shoshone, for example, are categorized by linguists as Western Shoshone or Northern Shoshone. The modern Northern Shoshone, in turn, are comprised of smaller political and social units, called bands, including the Lemhi Shoshone, the Boise and Weiser bands, the Fort Hall Shoshone, and the Northwestern Bands. Five reservations were established in Idaho from 1860-1880. All reservations have been significantly reduced, some several times, from their initial boundaries. Treaty rights have been similarly disregarded, changed, and curtailed, in response to American settlement and encroachment on reservation lands. The loss of treaty rights led to many minor skirmishes between Indians and whites, and also resulted in several major confrontations: the Bannock War of 1878, the Sheepeater War of 1878, and the Nez Perce War, the well-known "flight to Canada" by Chief Joseph and his followers. Idaho's current Native American population encompasses members of tribes from throughout the United States. Most Native Americans live and work in the cities and towns outside of Idaho's five established reservations. However, the reservations are the focal point for maintaining tribal traditions and culture.

45. Nez Perce - Nimiipu The nez perce's daily life changed with the appearance of the americans. follow theirarrival were reservations and laws restricting native americans access to http://www.cccoe.k12.ca.us/mdtech/nativeamerican/nezperce/americanexpansion.html

American Expansion American expansion has played a key role in how the Nez Perce's history was formed. The Nez Perce's daily life changed with the appearance of the Americans. The first sign of American expansion was Lewis and Clark. Soon to follow their arrival were reservations and laws restricting Native Americans access to their traditional tribal lands. The Nez Perce tribes were spread out upon 28,000 miles. Nez Perce bands lived in Clearwater River, Kamiah Valley, Snake River, Salmon River and Wallowa Valley. Lewis and Clark were the first to explore the Nez Perce territory. They were exhausted from their journey and the Nez Perce aided them with food, supplies and horses to help them continue. Over time, Americans interacted more with the Nez Perce and gradually changed their lifestyle. In 1936, the Spaldings established a missionary. He converted parts of the Nez Perce to Christianity, creating a rift in the Nez Perce tribe. Before Spalding died, he had irdaubed three Nez Perce men, Archie Lawyer, Solomon Whitman, and Jonathan Williams. They along with Sue McBeth continued his work to prepare young men to become ministers. The government encouraged the Nez Perce to go to the missionaries, which restricted the usage of their native language and tradition. ( View a Groupshot with Archie B. Lawyer

46. Create Your Own Native American Board Game--U.S. History Lesson Plan (grades K-5 that occurred between the native americans or Hawaiians crafts, and rituals of nativeAmerican societies eg, Iroquois, Sioux, Hopi, nez perce, Inuit, Cherokee http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/nativeamericans/

Students Teachers Parents Grades K-5 Grades 6-8 Grades 9-12 Astronomy/Space ... Health History Ancient History U.S. History World History Life Science Animals Ecology Human Body The Microscopic World ... Weather For our newsletter and special teacher promotions. K-5 > U.S. History Grade level: 4-5 Subject: U.S. History Duration: One to two class periods Objectives Materials Procedures Adaptations ... Credit Find a video description, video clip, and discussion questions. Native Americans Use our free online Teaching Tools to create custom worksheets, puzzles and quizzes on this topic! Students will: learn about a few games and toys of Native American children; and For this lesson, you will need: Monopoly Reference materials, including print and Internet resources, about Native American tribes or nations Materials for creating a board game, such as construction paper, scissors, markers, rulers, and tag board Planning Sheet 1: Research Planning Sheet 2: Game Design Evaluation Sheet (for teachers) www.monopoly.com/history/history.htm for additional historical information.) Introduce any other Native American games you choose as time allows. The resources available at NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art at

47. John Day Fossil Beds NM: Native Americans The Cayuse are quite close to the nez perce structure of social organizationwhich will be discussed below. Northern Sahaptian nez perce. http://www.nps.gov/joda/lee/lee1-1.htm

AMERICAN INDIANS CONTENTS Chinookan Sahaptian Shoshonean Salishan ... Bibliography Indians of Eastern Oregon by Kathyrn Lee SAHAPTIAN Of the Sahaptian there are agreed, by most linguists, to be two divisions of concern here. The Northern Sahaptians of the northern part of the state, and the Lutuamian of southern Oregon which contains the Modoc and Klamath. First to be dealt with will be the Northern Sahaptian. Northern Sahaptian: Tenino Along the south bank of the Columbia from the Wasco on the west to the Umatilla on the east, and on the lower reaches of the Deschutes and John Day Rivers, were the Tenino. There were four subdivisions each with a pair of villages - one for summer and one for winter. The summertime village was a rather flimsy one along a river. The wintertime villages were more permanent and several miles away from the rivers. The four subdivisions of the Tenino were the Tenino Proper who spent their summers four miles east of The Dalles and their winters six miles inland, the Wyam or Deschutes who summered- at Celilo and wintered on the best bank of the Deschutes near its confluence with the Columbia, the John Day who had both their summer and winter villages on the John Day River not far from the Columbia, and the Tyghwho were an offshoot from the Tenino Proper and whose winter village was at Tygh Valley and summer village was at Sherar's Bridge on the Deschutes (Murdock 1938:395-396).

48. Native Americans Lakota Sioux. Mandan Hidatsa. Arikara. Shoshone. nez perce. Indian Presentsand Trade Goods. Home The Journey Unique Encounters native americans. http://www.nps.gov/jeff/LewisClark2/TheJourney/NativeAmericans/NativeAmericans.h

Lakota Sioux Arikara Shoshone Nez Perce ... Unique Encounters Native Americans

49. Association Of American Geographers discourse has limited native americans' access to spatial separation between nativeAmerican tribes and characterizes Northern Idaho's nez perce tribe's access http://convention.allacademic.com/aag2003/view_paper_info.html?pub_id=1452

50. Bonneville Dam: Socio-cultural Effects On Native Americans involvements in native American politics spent nine years on the nez perce TribalCouncil Today the native americans struggle to maintain their fishing economy http://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/dams/bsc02yogg.html

The impact of the Bonneville Dam on Native American Culture For the Native American tribes living in the Columbia River Basin, salmon are an integral part of their lives, serving as a symbol of their prosperity, their culture and their heritage. There are more than fourteen different tribes represented in the area, including the Nez Perce, Umatilla, Warm Springs, and Yakama tribes. While they are separate tribes, with differing cultures and traditions, their reliance on salmon to maintain their way of life is a common bond. Life Before the Dam Economically, salmon were a large part of the culture of most of the tribes along the Columbia River. Before the treaty of 1855, many tribes had sucessful fishing economies. They traded salmon in order to obtain goods from other regions of the country. The salmon that were necessary to sustain their bodies and provide for their economic needs were available to them and therefore, the tribes were wealthy and self-sufficient. The economic benefits of the salmon were tremendously important for the welfare and maintenance of their communities, representing one of many significant benefits of salmon to their lives. Because the salmon played such an important role in their way of life, the salmon were incorporated into their spirituality and religious practices as well. The tribes felt that their souls were connected to the natural world and all of its inhabitants, including the salmon. Because of this "over a dozen longhouses and churches on reservations and ceded areas depend on salmon for their religious services"

51. Native Americans America's Freedom Documents, Cowboys, Indians, native americans, Pioneers, Trappers htmlAn index to numerous native tribes nez perce/Neeme-poo Home Page - http http://www.lawrence.org/edlinks/native_americans/native_americans.htm

Native Americans (upper elementary) click here for information about the EdTechResources email list! The American West - http://www.americanwest.com/ Four Faces of Pocahontas http://www.co.henrico.va.us/manager/pokeypix.htm According to Native American lore, her parents knew her as "Amonte" and her secret clan name was "Matoaca." Her European Christian friends called her "Lady Rebecca." Many have revered her as the "mother" of our nation, the female counterpart to George Washington. We know her as Pocahontas, legendary Indian princess, daughter of the mighty Chief Powhatan. The History of Squanto http://www.pghkids.com/Articles/Squanto/Squanto.html Did you know that if it wasn’t for one particular Native American, that first Thanksgiving may have never taken place? Museum of Western Colorado http://www.wcmuseum.org/ The Museum of Western Colorado's interests range from natural history and paleontology to cultural and social history, Native American pottery, and western firearms. We hope that our Web site, like our Museum sites here in western Colorado, will be a learning experience that is fun! Native American History Archive http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/k12/naha/

52. NWF Forges Partnerships With Native Americans - EnviroAction - National Wildlife native americans hold the key to revitalizing America's conservation efforts, says Recent efforts include helping Idaho's nez perce Tribe obtain financial http://www.nwf.org/enviroaction/index.cfm?articleId=146&issueId=20

53. Books About Native Americans Red Earth, White Lies native americans and the Myth of Scientific Fact Vine DeloriaJr. September 1997. Chief Joseph of the nez perce A Photo-Illustrated http://hotburrito.100megsfree5.com/books/nativeamericans.html

cookie_name="pop1"; cook_value="1!!1049967343"; cook_expires="Thu, 10 Apr 2003 09:35:53 GMT"; document.cookie=cookie_name+"="+cook_value+";expires="+cook_expires+";"; Books about Native Americans (a people robbed of their land, their lives and - almost - of their dignity) This page has moved to: http://hotburrito.100megsfree5.com/books/usa/nativeamericans.html Sitting Bull Buy This Poster At AllPosters.com

54. The Nez Perce Appaloosa: Student Projects along the entire 1500 mile nez perce National Historic of the Appaloosa horse andthe nez perces were between white settlers and native americans living in the http://www.nwrel.org/teachlewisandclark/free/beaverton.html

@import "http://www.nwrel.org/teachlewisandclark/advance.css"; Merlo Station High School Beaverton, Oregon The Nez Perce Appaloosa: On Feb. 15, 1806, Meriwether Lewis wrote that the Nez Perce horses ". . .appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty, elegantly formed, active and durable." In 1995, a writer for Spur, ( a magazine that publishes articles about horse breeds from the around the world, said: The credit for the development of a distinctive spotted breed, the Appaloosa, has to be given to the Nez Perce Indians of North America who lived in the Pacific Northwest. Their lands included the valley of the Palouse River after which the horses were named. . . Rudy, who has been hired by the Nez Perce Tribe as an expert horse breeder, is an enrolled Navajo. He lives with his Nez Perce wife Shirley in the nearby community of Kooskia, Idaho. Rudy and Shirley have three sons: Sonsela, Notah, and Hohots; and two daughters: Lautiss and Timena. "The Nez Perce kinda got stuck with people thinking the tribe started the Appaloosa line," said Rudy, who wears his hair in two braids and speaks in a quiet but authoritative voice. He explained that Appaloosasor different breeds of spotted horses-can be traced back 20,000 years through ancient European and Asian art. Rudy said that in January of 1995, the Nez Perce Tribe decided to take some positive action, acquiring four purebred Ahkal-Teke stallions and two purebred Ahkal-Teke mares. The Ahkal-Teke is the purest strain of the ancient Turkmene horse from the steppes of central Asia and possess many of the superior traits of the original Maumin breed. Currently, the largest population of the Ahkal-Teke horse is north of Iran, in Turkmenistan.

55. Nez Perce Links Connection. Flight of the nez perce, PBS Lewis and Clark native americans.nez perce Prayer, Unsettling Events- nez perce War. Western http://www.cia-g.com/~rockets/domagala.nezperce.htm

Nez Perce Chief Joseph Nez Perce Home Page 1800's Nez Perce Photography Bannack, Montana Nez Perce Connection ... Native American Links

56. Amerishame.html Follow the nez perce route( in green) Where are They Now Before 1500,native americans lived all across the North American continent. http://www.lfelem.lfc.edu/tech/DuBose/webquest/miller/amerishame.html

Land of the Free and the Home of the Braves The United States takes pride in being the leader of the free world and attempts to assist countries and native people from losing their homelands. Maybe we have learned from our mistakes. Two of the saddest chapters in American History were Trail of Tears The capture of Chief Joseph . As new settlers moved west in the early 1800s, they pushed the indigenous people (Native Americans) off their land and onto land that was unwanted by the new settlers. The Cherokee were forced to travel from Georgia to Oklahoma in what is known as the Trail of Tears How many miles did the Cherokee travel? What would have happened if the Cherokee chose to stay in Georgia? Could this situation have been handled differently? Why or how . How much land has the Cherokee nation lost Chief Joseph How many miles did the Nez Perce travel? Chief Joseph journeyed with women and children, not just soldiers. How did this fact effect decisions that he made? Why was the treaty broke?

57. The Native American Anthology: Internet Resources native Nations of Iowa NeeMee-Poo The People The nez perce of Idaho El Diario deYucat aslash;n Maya Mathematics Maya Pages for native americans Maya Ruins http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/NAINRES.HTM

Alaska Natives and the Land Claims Settlement Act of 1971 University of Connecticut American Historical Images on File: The Native American Experience Troy Johnson, PhD., California State University, Long Beach The American Indian Occupation of Alcatraz Island, 1969-1971 Troy Johnson, PhD., California State University, Long Beach A Brief History of the Innu A Brief History of the Trail of Tears (Cherokee) Cherokee History Cherokee History Timeline ... Database of Native American Treaties and Federal Laws University of Massachusetts First Nations History Lee Sultzman History and Culture of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe A History of the Northwest Coast A History of the Western Shoshone Scott Robert Ladd Indian Removal Debate, 1830 Kaw Nation History Little Known Historical Facts (Oneida) Native Nations of Iowa ... The Rogue River War: Alea, Siletz: 1894 California State University, San Marcos Treaties Project Oneida Nation Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1784 Theodore De Bry Woodcuts Troy Johnson, PhD., California State University, Long Beach What Were the Results of Allotment (The Dawes Act, 1887)

58. Tribes And Nations some 200,000 people occupying the largest and area reserved for native americans 17 million nez perce nez perce is a misnomer given by the interpreter of the http://www.twingroves.district96.k12.il.us/NativeAmericans/Tribes&Nations.html

Home Reference Staff Calendar ... Feedback Tribes and Nations Native Americans Student Guide General Reference Tribes and Nations: ... Northwest East Mohawk (Iroquois) The Iroquois League, or Five Nations of the Iroquois, was the most powerful Indian military alliance in the eastern part of North America and probably the most successful alliance of any kind between so many important tribes. There were three principal clans - deer, turtle and wolf - existing within the five nations, and this was probably an important unifying factor in the league. The league was formed in the late sixteenth century at which time the five nations had a combined population of 7000. Mohican (Mohegan) and/or Mahican What a confusion of facts. After reading through several texts and visiting many sites on the web, it has become clear as mud that everyone has a differing opinion about the relationships between these three tribes. We will therefore include them all on one page and maybe through your wanderings, you will discover the truth. If you do, please let us in on it. Creek The Creek were originally one of the dominant tribes in the mid-south and later became known as one of the Five Civilized Tribes. They were known in their own language as Muskoke or Muskoge, by the Shawnee as Humaskogi, by the Delaware as Masquachki and by the British as the Ochese Creek Indians, hence the present name. Their name has been adapted for that of their linguistic group and for Muskogee, Oklahoma, which was a major city of the Creek Nation in Indian territory.

59. Nez Perce pursued by federal troops that greatly outnumbered them, the native americans wonseveral where the majority of the tribe now lives on the nez perce reservation http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/nativeamericans/nezperce.htm

Index Shades Native Americans Maps Sources ... Guestbook Nez Perce Nez Perce, Native American group that formerly occupied a large territory in southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and central Idaho. The Nez Perce are the most numerous group of related tribes that speak Sahaptian languages (see Native American languages The name Nez Perce (French for "pierced nose") was mistakenly given to the tribe by French explorers. The French encountered people in the region who wore nose pendants, but these people actually belonged to another tribe. The Nez Perce did not pierce their noses or wear ornaments. The Nez Perce followed an economy based on fishing, especially salmon, and on vegetable staples such as the bulbs of the camas plant, wild roots, and berries.

60. Native Americans INDEX Nashua Naskapi - Natchez - native americans (chapter) - native Territories (maps)- native American Wars 1763 - Newichawawock - nez perce - Niantic - Nipmuc http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/nativeamericans/titlepage.htm

Index Shades Native Americans Pre Columbian Religions Index Inuit ... Guestbook visitors since (be sure to scroll down this page!) In the above mentioned chapter you'll find the history of Native Americans, including: Index Native American Territories Introduction - Early Population - Physical Traits - Earliest Migrations - Major Culture Areas - North America - Mesoamerica - South America - Traditional Way of Life - European Contact and Impact - Initial Reaction to Europeans - Native Americans in Contemporary Society A Abenakis Aboriginal Place Names (Canada) Accominta Acolapissa ... Aztec Empire B Battle of Point Pleasant Battle of the Fallen Timbers Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of Tippecanoe ... Boats, Skin and Bark Boats

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