61. Churchyard Lichens back to the index page CHURCHYARD lichens © British Lichen Society1994. In unpolluted churchyards WHAT ARE lichens? lichens are two http://users.argonet.co.uk/users/jmgray/chlich.htm

back to the index page CHURCHYARD LICHENS In unpolluted churchyards, lichens often form mosaics of colour, especially on the stonework, adding to the character and interest of the site. They vary in form from simple, powdery scatterings and crusts to more elaborate leafy or even bushy structures. WHAT ARE LICHENS? Lichens are two 'plants' in one: a fungal partner usually forms the visible body of the lichen and within, protected by threads of fungus, cells of algae provide nutrition, utilising sunlight in the same way as green plants. Contrary to popular opinion, lichens do not 'feed' on the stone, bark or soil upon which they grow. They reproduce by means of microscopic spores capable, on finding a suitable algal partner, of colonising most surfaces which are reasonably stable and not too shaded or smooth. These spores are released from fruiting bodies which are typically disc-shaped and, when viewed through a hand-lens, resemble miniature jam tarts. Lichens may also propagate themselves by means of powdery outgrowths, minute projections or fragments which are scattered in the wind and rain or dispersed by small creatures. THE IMPORTANCE OF CHURCHYARDS Churchyards are of supreme importance for lichen conservation, particularly where there are no natural outcrops of rock.

62. Lichens Of Wisconsin WISCONSIN lichens Wisconsin State HerbariumUniversity of Wisconsin Madison (WIS). http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wislichens/

W ISCONSIN L ICHENS Wisconsin State Herbarium: University of Wisconsin - Madison (WIS Currently Available: Photographs, Distribution maps (614 taxa) SEARCH Name Proposed Status County BROWSE Genera Common Names Featured Lichen Lobaria pulmonaria by M.T. Trest Rare Lichens of Wisconsin Other Lichen Links Web Site Information ... Vascular Plants Herbarium, Department of Botany: University of Wisconsin - Madison 430 Lincoln Drive Madison, WI 53706-1381U.S.A. Phone: (608)-262-2792 Fax: (608)-262-7509 Designated the official "WisconsinState Herbarium" by the Wisconsin Legislature in 1995. University of Wisconsin Board of Regents Funding for this project provided in part by the Elizabeth Souter bequest to the Botanical Club of Wisconsin and University of Wisconsin-Madison Herbarium Last revised: January 18, 2003 University of Wisconsin - Madison

63. North American Lichen Checklist fungi * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens). + = saprophyticfungi related to lichens or lichenicolous fungi. = various http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm

A Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada This list consists of cumulative updates to the most recently published North American checklist by Esslinger and Egan (1995). The style and conventions for listings used there are also generally followed here. As in the published checklist, under each genus the accepted names are given first and in boldface . The list of synonyms for each genus follows the accepted names, but here they are underlined instead of being in italics. Essentially all changes, additions or corrections made since the 1995 publication, even if only minor changes in spelling, are presented in blue in order to draw attention to them. As before, the following symbols are used for the lichenicolous fungi and allied fungi: * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens) + = saprophytic fungi related to lichens or lichenicolous fungi # = various related fungi of uncertain status: i.e., those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature. My intent is to update this list at regular intervals, at least once each year, as changes accumulate resulting from my work on the bibliographic series

64. Lichens - Olympic National Park lichens go to biology Images What is a Lichen? Olympic is coveredin lichens. lichens are fungi that have formed symbiotic http://www.nps.gov/olym/invlichen.htm

Lichens go to biology Images What is a Lichen Olympic is covered in lichens. Lichens are fungi that have formed symbiotic relationships with algal partners. The fungus provides a protective home, water supply and nutrient source for colonies of algae and/or cyanobacteria. In return for protection, the algal cells turn loose up to 70% of all the sugars harvested from their chlorophyll . The fungus uses these sugars as food. In turn, many animals use lichens as food. Lichens best represent the cooperative relationship of fungal-algal symbiosis. A similar relationship is found between forest fungi and their tree partners. This fungal-tree symbiosis is called a mycorrhizal relationship Lichen diagram Lichens as an indicator of air pollution Lichens are intolerant of pollution (especially sulfur dioxide) and are often used as bio-indicators of pollution. Sulfur dioxide destroys chlorophyll and affects respiration. Ozone and heavy metals also damage lichens. As indicators of pollution, lichens have been used by researchers to monitor and determine the health of the atmosphere . Olympic National Park has incredibly clean air. How are the lichens doing near your home town?

65. Lichens home, biodiversity, plans, research, news, services, library, contacts, Speciessearch lichens. Alectoria ochroleuca, a Lichen. Arthothelium dictyosporum, aLichen. http://www.ukbap.org.uk/lichens.htm

home biodiversity plans research ... contacts Species search - Lichens Alectoria ochroleuca a Lichen Arthothelium dictyosporum a Lichen Arthothelium macounii a Lichen Bacidia incompta a Lichen Bellemerea alpina a Lichen Belonia calcicola a Lichen Biatoridium monasteriense a Lichen Bryoria smithii a Lichen Buellia asterella Starry Breck-lichen Calicium corynellum a Lichen Caloplaca aractina a Lichen Caloplaca luteoalba Orange-Fruited Elm-lichen Caloplaca nivalis Snow Caloplaca Catapyrenium psoromoides Tree Catapyrenium Chaenotheca phaeocephala a Lichen Cladonia botrytes Stump Lichen Cladonia mediterranea Reindeer Lichen Cladonia peziziformis a Lichen Collema dichotomum River Jelly Lichen Enterographa elaborata New Forest beech-lichen Enterographa sorediata a Lichen Graphina pauciloculata a Lichen Gyalecta ulmi Elm Gyalecta Gyalideopsis scotica a Lichen Halecania rhypodiza a Lichen Heterodermia leucomelos Ciliate Strap-lichen Hypogymnia intestiniformis a Lichen Lecanactis hemisphaerica Churchyard Lecanactis Opegrapha paraxanthodes a Lichen Peltigera lepidophora Ear-lobed Dog-lichen Pertusaria bryontha Alpine Moss Pertusaria Pseudocyphellaria aurata a Lichen Pseudocyphellaria norvegica a Lichen Schismatomma graphidioides a Lichen Squamarina lentigera Scaly Breck-Lichen Teloschistes chrysophthalmus a Lichen Thelenella modesta Warty Wax-lichen home biodiversity plans research ... contacts

66. Lichens lichens. Composite origin. For information on how lichens are studiedas bioindicators click here to search the files at Global Lab. http://web1.manhattan.edu/fcardill/plants/fungi/lichen.html

67. Smithsonian Lichen Research Institution include databases of lichen nomenclature and lichen specimen collectionsas well as many publications on the taxonomy and systematics of lichens. http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/lichens/

Products of Lichen research at the Smithsonian Institution include databases of lichen nomenclature and lichen specimen collections as well as many publications on the taxonomy and systematics of lichens. The work of Mason E. Hale produced a checklist of names in the Parmeliaceae. As part of an international project to improve the taxonomy and nomenclature of this family, Monographic Studies in the Cladoniaceae, a database of currently accepted species names in Cladoniaceae is being produced that will be linked to descriptions, illustrations, and maps (NSF-sponsored PEET Grant to Paula DePriest). This site uses frames for navigation. If you are seeing this message your browser does not support frames. You can still see many of the documents on this site by using the menu

68. Flecheng.htm MAPPING OF lichens in Koblenz carried out by a biology set, class 13 of the BISCHÖFLICHESCUSANUSGYMNASIUM KOBLENZ Copyright 1996 Hansjörg Groenert http://www.uni-koblenz.de/~odsgroe/flecheng.htm

MAPPING OF LICHENS in Koblenz carried out by a biology set, class 13 of the Map: red = only one lichen yellow = zone of leaf-shaped lichens (crusty and leaf-shaped lichens) green = zone of shrublike lichens (crusty, leaf-shaped and shrublike lichens) map of trees: withe = only Pleurococcus sp. red = crusty lichens yellow = leaf-shaped lichens green = shrublike lichens Each student was in charge of one square kilometre of the examined area. First, he/she choose ten isolated, regularly spread deciduous trees with acid bark, such as birch trees, oak trees, black alders, pears, beeches, apple trees, lime trees, elms or maple trees, especially taking into account the different living spaces (differences in ground and micro-climate) in his/her grid square. Then he/she photographed the lichens on the bark at a height of 1.80 m, classified them and estimated their frequency. In case of finding lichens on neighbour trees too, those lichens were also recorded. Mapping of lichens 1994/95 - location of the grid squares red = crusty lichens / green = leaf-shaped lichens / blue = shrublike lichens Abundance: 1= individual finding, 3= little, 4=strong, 5=very large quantities

69. BOREALFOREST.ORG - Brophyte & Lichen Species Of Northwestern Ontario Forests Feather Moss ; Cladina Reindeer lichens - mitis - rangiferina -stellaris; Cladonia - Club lichens - Cup lichens; Dicranum - Broom http://www.borealforest.org/lichens.htm

Northwestern Ontario Forest: Table of Contents Aulacomnium palustre - Ribbed Bog Moss "Tufted Moss" or "Glow moss" Brachythecium salebrosum - Golden Ragged Moss "Smooth-stalked Yellow Feather Moss" Cladina - Reindeer Lichens - mitis - rangiferina - stellaris Cladonia - Club Lichens - Cup Lichens Dicranum - Broom Mosses - flagellare - polysetum - scoparium Drepanocladus uncinatus - Sickle Moss "Hood Moss" Hylocomium splendens - Stair-step Moss Peltigera aphthosa - Freckle Pelt Lichen "Spotted Dog Lichen" Pleurozium schreberi - Big Red Stem Moss "Schreber's Moss" Polytrichum commune Polytrichum juniperinum - Hair Cap Mosses Ptilidium pulcherrimum - Naugehyde Liverwort Ptilium crista-castrensis - Plume Moss "Knight's Plume" Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus - Shaggy Moss "Electrified Cat's Tail Moss" Sphagnum fuscum - Rusty Peat Moss "Common Brown Sphagnum" Sphagnum capillifolium - Acute-leaved Peat Moss "Small Red Peat Moss" Sphagnum girgensohnii - Girgensohn's Peat Moss "White-toothed Peat Moss" Sphagnum magellanicum - Midway Peat Moss Sphagnum warnstorfii - Warnstorf's Peat Moss Plants of Northwestern Ontario TREES SHRUBS HERBS GRAMINOIDS GLOSSARIES Terminology Pictorial SHRUBS, HERBS AND OTHER PLANTS OF THE WORD'S BOREAL FORESTS

70. The Lichens Of British Columbia - Illustrated Keys Hi there!! See below for download availability. The lichens of British Columbia— Illustrated Keys Part 1 – Foliose and Squamulose Species. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm

B.C. Ministry of Forests Forest Science Program Abstract for SRS08 The Lichens of British Columbia — Illustrated Keys Part 1 – Foliose and Squamulose Species Authors or Ministry Contacts: T. Goward, B. McCune, and D. Meidinger Branch: Research Subject: Botany Series: Special Report Series Other details: Published 1994, 181 pages. Funding for Internet version was provided by Forest Renewal BC Abstract Approximately 1100 species of lichens have been reported to occur in British Columbia (B.C.). Although this figure may appear impressive, lichens are among the most poorly documented elements of the province's macroscopic flora. Judging from the rate at which new species are being added to the lichen flora, it seems likely that hundreds of additional lichens await discovery in this province. Moreover, our understanding of the frequency status of the vast majority of species remains dolefully incomplete. To date, comprehensive lichen studies have been conducted in only two regions of the province: the Queen Charlotte Islands and southeast Vancouver Island. The macrolichen flora of Wells Gray Park is also reasonably well documented. Most of the remainder of the province has received scant attention. Important collections have been made in the regions indicated in Figure 1 ( In PDF file ), but most of these studies are unpublished and the specimens are now scattered in various herbaria.

71. Ecophysiology Of Lichens Ecophysiology of lichens. Photosynthetic CO2 use efficiency in lichens and theirisolated photobionts The possible role of a CO2 concentrating mechanism. http://www.plantphys.umu.se/research/kikki.shtml

Ecophysiology of lichens Kristin Palmqvist Kristin.Palmqvist@plantphys.umu.se Personnel: Bodil Sundberg (Graduate student) Bodil.Sundberg@plantphys.umu.se Description of project: The aim of this project is to study different factors wich determine the growth-rate of lichens, including microclimate monitoring, growth rate of lichens in the field, CO2 acqusition strategies and photosynthetic activity of the algal/cyanobacterial partner, respiratory activity of the fungal partner and its activity, response to "normal" and induced environmental stresses e.t.c... Another aim is to relate specific physiological and biochemical activities of lichens to different organisation levels (from proteins to communities) to study the relative importance of these during the life time of a lichen thallus. Publications: S. Falk and Palmqvist K. (1992). Photosynthetic light utilization efficiency, photosystem II heterogeneity and fluorescence quenching in Clamydomonas reinhardtii during the induction of the CO2-concentrating mechanism. Plant Physiol. 100: 685-691. S. Falk, Palmqvist K. and Clarke A. (1993). Protein synthesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence changes in

72. Lichens In Central Washington lichens are a combination of two organisms, fungi and photosynthetic symbionts(algae or cyanobacteria), that work together. lichens are extreme! http://www.cwnp.org/lichen.html

Lichens What are Lichens? They aren't animals, they aren't plants, they aren't moss and they aren't mushrooms- so what are they? "Fungi that have discovered agriculture!"- Trevor Goward Lichens are a combination of two organisms, fungi and photosynthetic symbionts (algae or cyanobacteria), that work together. The cells of the cyanobacteria or green algae are surrounded by fungal filaments; these filaments comprise the majority of the mass of the lichen. The photobionts produce sugars and other carbohydrates for the fungi, while the fungi helps to keep the photobiont moist while shielding it from too much light. Lichens are part of the cryptobiotic crusts in arid regions, helping to stabilize the soil. They also promote the production of new soils in arid regions by colonizing bare rock and other harsh habitats, and by adding organic materials to the soil. Lichens are extreme! Lichens are hardy, and can survive in extreme environmental conditions in the arctic and in hot deserts. They survive drought by completely drying out and becoming dormant. When moisture is available they can react quickly and absorb it to become pliable and photosynthetic again. Lichen growing on columnar basalt- Palisades, WA.

73. The Infography About Lichens Online and print resources recommended by a professor emeritus who specializes in research about lichens.Category Science Biology Mycology lichens......Superlative sources selected by a professor emeritus who specializesin the study of lichens. THE INFOGRAPHY, lichens. http://www.infography.com/content/176114345982.html

Search The Infography: Lichens A professor emeritus whose research specialty is lichens recommends these sources. Six Superlative Sources Lichen Fun and Facts . http://mgd.nacse.org/hyperSQL/lichenland/html/skppage.html British Isles List of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi . http://users.argonet.co.uk/users/jmgray/numlst.htm Nash, T.H. 1996. Lichen Biology. Cambridge University Press. 303 pp. Ahmadjian, V. 1993. The Lichen Symbiosis. John Wiley. 250 pp. Hawksworth, D.L., et al. 1995. Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. Eighth edition. CAB International. 616 pp. Rhoades, F.M. 1995. Nonvascular Epiphytes in Forest Canopies: Worldwide Distribution, Abundance, and Ecological Roles. In Lowman, M.D., and N.M. Nadkarni (eds.), Forest Canopies. Academic Press, pp. 353-408. Search The Infography Advanced Search Page Through The Infography Alphabetically Libraries Future Lichens Lightning About The Infography published by Fields of Knowledge Clicking this button will display the HTML code. "The Infography about Lichens" http://www.infography.com/content/176114345982.html

74. SAXIFRAGA - European Lichen Slides SAXIFRAGA slide collection. European lichens. The slides on lichens have been kindlymade available by Willem van Kruijsbergen (the Netherlands). How to order? http://www.ecnc.nl/doc/ecnc/saxifrag/eurolich.html

ECNC home page feedback search previous ... bottom SAXIFRAGA slide collection European Lichens ECNC in cooperation with the Saxifraga Foundation Saxifraga Foundation Bredaseweg 335 5037 LC Tilburg The Netherlands Tel.: +31-13-5900709 E-mail: saxifraga@planet.nl WWW: www.saxifraga.nl ECNC cooperates with the Saxifraga Foundation to make the Foundation's biodiversity slide collection accessible on the Internet. The aim of the Foundation is the development of scientific research in the field of the protection of nature and the environment. Through the ECNC head quarters, copies of, in principal a limited selection of, slides can be obtained free of charge for activities in support of nature conservation; for personal use 5.- Euro will be charged per copy requested. A full description of the conditions can be found at www.saxifraga.nl How to order? Contact the Saxifraga Foundation at the address above or send an E-mail message to Jan van der Straaten ( saxifraga@planet.nl

75. MIN Lichen Herbarium Page of Minnesota Lichen Herbarium. From here you can visit any of the followingpages that give lists of the lichens in the various databases. http://www.tc.umn.edu/~wetmore/Herbarium/HERBHOME.htm

MIN Lichen Herbarium Home Welcome to the home page of the Univ. of Minnesota Lichen Herbarium. From here you can visit any of the following pages that give lists of the lichens in the various databases. The lichen herbarium has over 135,000 lichens from all over the world. This includes over 20,000 in the exsiccat database. From the list below select the database for further choices Lichens of Minnesota Lichens of US and Canada except Minnesota and Hawaii Lichens of all other parts of the world. Lichen exsiccati sets sets ... Lichen exsiccati types Return to C. Wetmore Home Clifford Wetmore Univ. of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 55108 Last updated : 18 January, 2000 E-mail : wetmore@tc.umn.edu The views and opinions expressed in this page are strictly those of the page author. The contents of this page have not been reviewed or approved by the University of Minnesota. The views and opinions expressed in this page are strictly those of the page author. The contents of this page have not been reviewed or approved by the University of Minnesota. The views and opinions expressed in this page are strictly those of the page author.

76. USDA- Forest Service PNW Lichens And Air Quality The USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest and Alaska Regions lichensand Air Quality Home Page. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Beginning http://www.nacse.org/lichenair/

Information Available Query the Lichens, Mosses and Air Quality Database Lichen Plot Data Elemental Analyses Lichen Community Data Lichens and Air Quality Workgroup Provisional Element Analysis Thresholds Air Quality and Lichens - A Literature Review Element Analysis Methods Provisional Air Quality Ratings Defined Lichen sensitivity ratings by species (with images) Get Lichen Drawings National Forest lichen inventory data A graphic example of air pollution effects on lichens Pollution effects on lichen morphology Reports and Publications Regional Programs and Contacts Link to other lichen information resources Help Files for these pages The USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest and Alaska Regions Lichens and Air Quality Home Page BACKGROUND INFORMATION Beginning in 1993, managers of the Willamette, Siuslaw, Deschutes, Gifford Pinchot, Mt. Hood, Winema, Umpqua and Wallowa Whitman National Forests and the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area pooled resources to develop a unified approach for biomonitoring air quality using non-vascular plants. They wanted information that would be comparable across Forest boundaries and interface with other Forest, regional and national databases. The primary objectives of the program are to help Forests meet federal and agency responsibilities for the detection and description of air pollution impacts and the protection of Forest air resources. Secondary objectives are to improve our understanding of the ecological roles of non-vascular plants and to develop their potential as indicators of forest health, stability and biodiversity.

77. Lichens lichens. lichens are ground. The names given to lichens strictly referto the fungal partner; the algae have separate names. lichens http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/eae/Air_Quality/Older/Lichens.html

Lichens Lichens are mutualistic associations of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium and occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on trees, rocks and bare ground. The names given to lichens strictly refer to the fungal partner; the algae have separate names. Lichens are very sensitive to sulphur dioxide pollution in the air. Since industrialisation, many lichen species have become extinct in large areas of lowland Britain, one example being the beard moss Usnea articulata . This is mainly due to sulphur dioxide pollution, but the loss of habitat, particularly ancient woodland, has also led to reductions in some species. Lichens are sensitive to sulphur dioxide because their efficient absorption systems result in rapid accumulation of sulphur when exposed to high levels of sulphur dioxide pollution. The algal partner seems to be most affected by the sulphur dioxide; chlorophyll is destroyed and photosynthesis is inhibited. Lichens also absorb sulphur dioxide dissolved in water. Lichens are widely used as environmental indicators or bio-indicators. If air is very badly polluted with sulphur dioxide there may be no lichens present, just green algae may be found. If the air is clean, shrubby, hairy and leafy lichens become abundant. A few lichen species can tolerate quite high levels of pollution and are commonly found on pavements, walls and tree bark in urban areas. The most sensitive lichens are shrubby and leafy while the most tolerant lichens are all crusty in appearance. Since industrialisation many of the shrubby and leafy lichens such as

78. Lichens http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/eae/french/Air_Quality/Older/Lichens.html

Lichens dioxyde de soufre dioxyde de soufre On peut observer une configuration de zone de lichen dans de grandes villes ou autour des complexes industriels qui correspond aux niveaux moyens de dioxyde de soufre dioxyde de soufre petites et grandes villes Britannique. Les niveaux de dioxyde de soufre Imprimer ce Texte Sites Internet Lichens American Lichen Project Bioindicatros Alberta Lichens Autres sujets Introduction L'Asthme Monoxyde de Carbone Les Voitures ... Accueil

79. A Guide To Lichens On Twigs - Search fruticose. Branched shrublike lichens attached to the twig by a sucker-like holdfast.foliose. Leaf-like lichens attached to the twig by the lower surface. http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/cgi-bin/botany/lichen/

A guide to lichens on twigs What did the lichen look like? fruticose Branched shrub-like lichens attached to the twig by a sucker-like holdfast. foliose Leaf-like lichens attached to the twig by the lower surface. crustose Crust-like lichens that are only removed by cutting the bark.

80. Mosses, Lichens, And Liverworts Of The Northwoods Mosses, lichens, and Liverworts of the Northwoods. Flora, fauna, earth, andsky The natural history of the northwoods. .. Species Index. lichens. http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/moss/

Mosses, Lichens, and Liverworts of the Northwoods Flora, fauna, earth, and sky... The natural history of the northwoods Species Index Lichens Cetraria islandica , Iceland Moss Cladonia spp ., Reindeer Lichens cristatella , British Soldiers Lichen pyxidata , Pixie Cups Lichen Peltigera aphthosa , Green Dog Lichen Umbilicaria spp,. Rock Tripes Usnea spp., Beard Lichens Liverworts Marchantia polymorpha , Liverwort Mosses Ceratodon purpureus , Fire Moss Hylocomium splendens , Mountain Fern Moss Pleurozium schreberi , Schreber's Feathermoss Sphagnum , Sphagnum Mosses capillifolium centrale compactum cuspidatum fimbriatum fuscum girgensohnii magellanicum obtusum papillosum quinquefarium recurvum riparium russowii squarrosum subsecundum teres warnstorfii wulfianum Related Pages Flora Aquatic Plants , emergent, floating, and submerged Ferns and Fern Allies , the Ferns, Horsetails, and Clubmosses Terrestrial Herbs , the plants of the forest floor Shrubs , from tiny shrublet to small trees Trees , Aspen, Birch, and Cedar; Spruce, Pine, and Fir

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