1. Introduction To Lichens Information about lichens their fossil record, life history, ecology, morphology and systematics. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichens.html

Introduction to Lichens an alliance between kingdoms Lichens are unusual creatures. A lichen is not a single organism the way most other living things are, but rather it is a combination of two organisms which live together intimately. Most of the lichen is composed of fungal filaments , but living among the filaments are algal cells, usually from a green alga or a cyanobacterium In many cases the fungus and the alga which together make the lichen may each be found living in nature without its partner, but many other lichens include a fungus which cannot survive on its own it has become dependent on its algal partner for survival. In all cases though, the appearance of the fungus in the lichen is quite different from its morphology as a separately growing individual. The true identity of lichens as symbiotic associations of two different organisms was first proposed by Beatrix Potter, who is best remembered for her children's books about Peter Rabbit. In addition to her books, she spent time studying and drawing lichens. Her illustrations are still appreciated for their detailed and accurate portrayal of the delicate beauty of these bizarre organisms. Click on the buttons below to learn more about lichens.

2. Lichens, Education, Taxonomy, Database LichenLand. Fun with lichens. Discover the World of lichens Learn how to Identifythese Mysterious Organisms Our Webto-Database Technology will Guide You. http://mgd.nacse.org/hyperSQL/lichenland/

LichenLand Fun with Lichens from Oregon State University Discover the World of Lichens Learn how to Identify these Mysterious Organisms Our Web-to-Database Technology will Guide You Lichens are a successful alliance between a fungus and an alga. Each doing what it does best, and thriving as a result of a natural cooperation. They live as one organism, both inhabiting the same body. Here we offer some ways of finding out more. Lichens - A friendly alliance! - Witness the meeting - Find out about Lichen Biology LichenLand Main Door ; A fun way for novitiates to get into the game, with teaching aides to help you learn about lichens. LichenLand Lite , For first time users, walk through user's guide. Synoptic Key to Some NW Lichens, Provides additional character choices. These lichen pages provided with NSF funding and in association with Northwest Alliance for Computational Science and Engineering Dept of Computer Science, Oregon State University and Dept of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University Database Queries Powered by HyperSQL by Mark Newsome Authors' Home Pages and Acknowledgements Developed by Sherry Pi Pittam Joe "DataJoe" Hanus

3. Milwaukee Public Museum -- Lichens & Pollution by Kevin Lyman http://www.mpm.edu/collect/botany/lichens.html

Lichens Air Pollution, Lichens and Mosses by Kevin J. Lyman EDITOR'S NOTE: A s early as the mid 1800's, botanists became aware that lichens and mosses were becoming uncommon in areas within and surrounding large towns and cities. They began to recognize that air pollution emitted from these urban areas was affecting the colonization and growth of these organisms. I n 1866, William Nylander, a Finnish naturalist, was the first to link the disappearance of lichens and air pollution. He noticed that some lichen species present within Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, were missing in other parts of the city. He attributed these differences to air quality. Over the next thirty years, fumes from coal-burning industrial furnaces gradually led to the eradication of the lichen population within the park. A long with lichens, mosses too have been disappearing from large cities since the late 1800's. Even though some species of mosses and lichens can be found in the harshest environments (Antarctic, Arctic and deserts), most species are very sensitive to air pollution. There are, however, a few species that can survive in areas where the pollution levels are relatively high and there are several other species that can tolerate moderate levels of air pollution. By knowing which of these species are most sensitive to air pollution and documenting their presence or absence, it is easy to determine how "clean" or "dirty" the air is. S ulfur dioxide (SO ) does the most widespread damage to lower plants, even though it is only one of several air pollution components in the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide pollution is the result of industrial and urban emissions.

4. The Lichens lichensL. If you want to subscribe, you should send e-mail to listproc@hawaii.edu with the message "SUBSCRIBE lichens-L http://www.is.kochi-u.ac.jp/Bio/lichens/lich-f-2.html

General Third IAL ( I nternational A ... Lichen Informations System Lichenological Reserches Environmental Surveillance from Satellites by Hans Toemmervik Lichen regeneration rates and logging disturbances Reproductive study of lichens based on genetic algorithms Interactions between silicate minerals and lithobiontic microbial communities (lichens) Lapland Forest Damage Project: Lichens are most sensitive ... Threatened Lichens in Finland Journals Bryologist Lichenologist (Contents, Instruction to authors) Index to the Index of Fungi Herbaria, Checklists and Databases Asia Lichen Collection at Tel Aviv Univ. Europe Lichenes catalogue at NRM (Swedish Museum of Natural History) Information (Botanical Museum at Uppsala Univ.) Lichenologists in Baltic and Nordic countries Database_LICHEN (Red List of the epiphytic lichens of Switzerland) USA University of Minnesota Herbarium Specimen Catalogues Lichen Data Development (USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center) Mycological and Lichenological Information (Smithsonian Inst.) Checklist of lichenized Fungi of Guianas ... Wisconsin Cooperative Park Studies Unit Lichenological Organizations International Association for Lichenology British Lichen Society Prospectus American Bryological and Lichenological Society Address of Lichenologists Email Address of Lichenologists Index of Lichenologists (Members of IAL) Mycologists Online (MYCO) Plant Taxonomists Online (PTO) ... Collection Managers Online (CMO) Lichenologists of the World Dr. Isao Yoshimura's Home Page

5. Lichens Of North America Information about lichen biology, lichens and wildlife, lichens and people, and the book of the same Category Science Biology Mycology lichens......lichens OF NORTH AMERICA. Information about lichens and wildlife,including invertebrates, can be found at lichens and Wildlife. http://www.lichen.com/

The Book Lichen Biology and the Environment Lichens and Wildlife Lichens and People ... Useful Links LICHENS OF NORTH AMERICA This website grew out of the activities of Sylvia and Stephen Sharnoff, who did the photographic fieldwork for the book Lichens of North America, by Irwin M.Brodo and the Sharnoffs, published in November, 2001 by Yale University Press. For more information about the book, please go to The Book . For a brief introduction to lichen biology and how lichens interact with the greater environment, go to Lichen Biology and the Environment . Information about lichens and wildlife, including invertebrates, can be found at Lichens and Wildlife . For a description of how people have made use of lichens, including an extensive bibliographical database, click on Lichens and People . Check out the Useful Links For photos of lichens see: Lichen Sampler "and what do lichens look like, Steve?" Toronto public radio host amazing diversity of forms and colors Lichen Portrait Gallery over 80 species portraits from the book "Are you taking pictures of lichens?" Nose to the ground, I was examining my photo subject with a magnifier, my complicated-looking camera and flashes next to me. I was startled. In more than 20 years (sometimes sporadic, sometimes obsessive) of this odd behavior, this was only the second passer-by to mention lichensSylvia Sharnoff

6. Towards A Checklist Of Mediterranean Lichens A project supported by the OPTIMA Commission For lichens. http://www-ang.kfunigraz.ac.at/~grubem/bocconea.htm

Pier Luigi Nimis Towards a checklist of Mediterranean lichens Introduction Activity between 1989-1993 Activity after 1993 Delimitation of the "Mediterranean" region ... References Abstract Nimis, P.L.: Towards a checklist of Mediterranean lichens. - Bocconea 6: 5 - 17. 1996 - ISSN 1120-4060. The OPTIMA Commission For Lichens is supporting an international project for a compilation of a general checklist of lichens of the Mediterranean region. This paper describes the history of the project and the present State of the Art, with some critical considerations about the delimitation of the Mediterranean area for a lichen checklist, and a short outline of the main phytogeographic features of southern Europe, as far as lichens are concerned. It is suggested that the national checklist produced in the framework of the project should become available on the Internet, with a possibility of continuous updating by the international lichenological community. Introduction In the last years, mainly as a consequence of the UNESCO Conference of Rio and of the associated increase in research funding, biodiversity has become

7. Walton Hall Nature Trail Lichens Consist of a symbiosis between an algae and a fungus.Category Science Biology Mycology lichens......lichens. lichens consist of a symbiosis between an algae and a fungus. Checklistof lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society Bulletin No. http://www.open.ac.uk/Nature_Trail/Lichen.htm

Lichens Lichens consist of a symbiosis between an algae and a fungus. The algae contains the pigment chlorophyll which it uses during photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates. These are required by the algae itself but are also absorbed and used for growth by the fungus. Thus the fungus obtains nutrients from the algae, the fungal tissue in turn may provide shelter for the algae allowing it to grow in harsh conditions such as rock surfaces where it would otherwise be destroyed. Most of the lichens in the churchyard are crustaceous species, forming a crust over the substrate, and may grow as little as 1mm per year. In other, less polluted and wetter, parts of Britain such as the west coast of Wales and Scotland there are many leafy (foliose) and shrubby (fruticose) lichens which can grow at several centimetres per year. Some of these used to be collected on a commercial scale for dying wool. Indeed our own bright orange Xanthoria parietina was also used in medieval times as a remedy for jaundice. Some notes on the cryptogams within the churchyard at the OU by Richard Tofts Churchyards are of acknowledged importance for lichens in Britain, and the British Lichen Society's Churchyard Project is now well under way. Churchyards provide one of the best and longest established 'outcrops' of stone in lowland England, and many different types of stone may be present in a small area, each supporting characteristic species of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) and lichens.

8. Invasion Of Pollution-tolerant Lichens In the Pacific Northwest. http://www.bcc.orst.edu/~bot465/invasion.htm

Invasion of Pollution-tolerant Lichens in the Pacific Northwest and Other Contributors Last updated: September 1998 Introduction The species Methods Sampling design and site selection Field procedures Recognizing the target species Data sheet Data management Results You can contribute

9. Lichens Info Looks at what lichens are, their structure, and their environmental importance.Category Science Biology Mycology lichens......Information about lichens. 1. What are lichens? lichens are in fact a symbioticlifeform between a fungus and a alga. 2. Structure of lichens. http://bionet.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/aerodata/lichenes/einfo.htm

Information about lichens 1. What are lichens? Lichens are in fact a symbiotic lifeform between a fungus and a alga. This symbiosis is so intens that seemingly a new lifeform generates: the lichen. For a long time lichens even were concidered to be a seperate taxonomic group. Until in the 18th century lichens were even concidered to be mosses. A difference between mosses and lichens is that lichens are able to make dishlike fruitbodies, just like fungi: apothecia (7) A symbiosis is a lifeform where all the partners have profit of each other. Often the partners get so dependant on each other, that they are not able to live separately any more. In the case of the lichens, the fungus delivers water and minerals to the alga, while the alga takes care of the fotosynthesis ans supplies suchars to the fungus. The fungus sucks these products out of the cells of the algae by means of haustoria (suction-pipes) which penetrates the algal cells. Due to this special liveform, lichens are able to survive extreem conditions: they live on rocks, in freezing conditions, very dry regions... 2. Structure of lichens.

10. Endangered Lichens lichens that are protected by law in the countries listed. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/endlich.html

ENDANGERED LICHENS IUCN Global Red List of Lichens Lichens that are protected by law in the countries listed. UNITED KINGDOM Under the provisions of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Species listed on Schedule 8. Bryoria furcellata Forked hair-lichen Buellia asterella Starry breck-lichen Caloplaca luteoalba Orange-fruited elm-lichen Caloplaca nivalis Snow caloplaca Catapyrenium psoromoides Tree catapyrenium Catillaria laureri Laurer's catillaria Cladonia stricta Upright mountain-lichen Collema dichotomum River jelly-lichen Gyalecta ulmi Elm gyalecta Heterodermia leucomelos Ciliate strap-lichen Heterodermia propagulifera Coralloid rosette-lichen Lecanactis hemisphaerica Churchyard lichen Lecanora achariana Tarn lecanora Lecidea inops Copper lecidea Nephroma arcticum Arctic kidney-lichen Pannaria ignobilis Caledonian pannaria Parmelia minarum New Forest parmelia Parmentaria chilensis Oil-stained parmentaria Peltigera lepidophora Ear-lobed dog-lichen Pertusaria bryontha Alpine moss-pertusaria Physcia tribacioides Southern grey physcia Pseudocyphellaria lacerata Ragged pseudocyphellaria Psora rubiformis Rusty alpine psora Solenopsora liparina Serpentine solenopsora Squamarina lentigera Scaly breck-lichen Teloschistes flavicans Golden hair-lichen For further information contact Dr. B. Coppins.

11. Foto's Van Nederlande Korstmossen (Dutch Lichens) Photos and information about lichen biology. In Dutch and English. http://www.homepages.hetnet.nl/~matthieuvw/

Welkom Op deze site vind je diverse foto's en omschrijvingen van Nederlandse korstmossen. On this site you will find several photos and descriptions of Dutch lichens. Hieronder bevinden zich rechtenvrije foto's van korstmossen. Door op een foto te klikken wordt deze vergroot en wordt een omschrijving weergegeven. Klik op een foto ! Klik voor index op soortnaam Click for index by name of the species De foto's mogen worden gebruikt voor wetenschappelijke doeleinden of publicaties You may use pictures of this site without any permission for scientific use. Meer foto's op staan op de extra pagina's More pictures on the extra pages Klik hier voor meer infomatie over de fysiologie van korstmossen Click here for more information about lichen-biology in english! Voor vragen, opmerkingen, meer foto's of betere resolutie e.d.: stuur me een mailtje If you have any questions, remarks, want more or better resolution photos: mail me korstmos korstmos korstmossen korstmos korstmossen korstmos korstmossen korstmos korstmossen korstmos lichens lichenes lichen lichenes lichenes lichen lichenes lichen lichens lichen lichens lichen lichens lichen lichens flecht flechten flecht flechten flecht flechten flecht flechten flecht flechten flecht flechten

12. Churchyard Lichens Fact Sheet An attempt to provide at least some partial answers to requests for information about churchyard lichens and to suggest other sources of information. http://www.argonet.co.uk/users/jmgray/churyd.htm

back to the index page CHURCHYARD LICHENS FACT SHEET EDITION 7 ~ January 2003 (Updated annually) Many requests for information about churchyard lichens are received. This fact sheet is an attempt to provide at least some partial answers and to suggest other sources of information. THE IMPORTANCE OF CHURCHYARDS: It is estimated that there are 20,000 churchyards in England alone, each taking up roughly an acre of land. In lowland England, where natural outcrops of rock are absent, the churchyard is the most important site for lichens growing on stone. To date, over 160 churchyards and the precincts of two cathedrals (Salisbury and Winchester) have each been found to contain more than 100 species. Some species rarely occur in other habitats. Lecanactis hemisphaerica (a Red Data species), for example, is confined to plaster walls on ancient churches in S. England. In Britain as a whole, 677 species (well over a third of the British list) have been found mainly on stone, but also on wood, trees and soil in churchyards, cemeteries and the surrounds of abbeys and cathedrals. THE CHURCHYARDS PROJECT: Bulletin DATA COLLECTION: Surveys of churchyard lichens are carried out regularly by committee members and by other members of the Society. A standard A4 survey sheet is used. On the front, this lists 192 of the more commonly found or characteristic churchyard species and provides room for additional substrate and habitat details in abbreviated form. Beginners who may wish to make use of these 'mapping cards' must note that the species names are are shown in an abbreviated form (e.g.

13. Swedish Species Information Centre Guest ICCL Preliminary list of threatened species. http://www.artdata.slu.se/guest/global.htm

Guest: ICCL Preliminary Global Red List of Lichens Welcome to this www-page of the International Committee for the Conservation of Lichens (ICCL) , at the Web-site of the Swedish Species Information Centre! In this document you find the first preliminary global Red List of lichens, proposed by the ICCL, set up by the International Association of Lichenologists (IAL). ICCL is a specialist group connected to IUCN (a so called SSC-group). The work with the list will hopefully be completed during 1997. Major revisions will probably have to be made. All ideas and comments are welcome and will be considered in the coming revisions! We would very much like to get suggestions on: additional species, species which should be excluded, or comments on the text, references, localities etc. Comments on the list are welcome to the chairman of the committee. Please mail your comments to Dr. . Or send a letter to: Swedish Species Information Centre, SLU P.O. Box 7007 750 07 Uppsala Sweden Global Red List of Lichens The Global IUCN Red List Categories , prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. As approved by the 40th meeting of the IUCN council Gland, Switzerland. 30 November 1994

14. Taxonomy Of Philippine Lichens Brief information and links by researcher Isidro T. Savillo. http://www.geocities.com/lichens_2001/lichens_2001.html

Taxonomy of Philippine Lichens Scientific Links: This Web Page is dedicated to the Taxonomic Identification of Philippine Lichens . New species and varieties as well as those subjected to nomenclature change/modification will be highlighted with their photographs displayed. Welcome to the Lichens of the Philippines Information Center! WebPage of Prof. Isidro T. Savillo* *He was a recipient of the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) Research and Study Visit Molecular Analysis of Symbiosis Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin BGBM Keyword Search What's UP? ... What's In?

15. Lichen Biology And The Environment THE SPECIAL BIOLOGY OF lichens. Go to lichens and Ecosystems (Nutrientcycling, soils, and environmental monitoring with lichens). http://www.lichen.com/biology.html

Home The Book Lichens and Wildlife Lichens and People ... Useful Links LICHEN BIOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT THE SPECIAL BIOLOGY OF LICHENS Go to Lichen Vocabulary (A discussion of lichen growth forms and structures) Go to Lichens and Ecosystems (Nutrient cycling, soils, and environmental monitoring with lichens) Lichens are composite, symbiotic organisms made up from members of as many as three kingdoms. The dominant partner is a fungus. Fungi are incapable of making their own food. They usually provide for themselves as parasites or decomposers. "Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture" lichenologist Trevor Goward. The lichen fungi (kingdom Fungi) cultivate partners that manufacture food by photosynthesis. Sometimes the partners are algae (kingdom Protista), other times cyanobacteria (kingdom Monera), formerly called blue-green algae. Some enterprising fungi exploit both at once. Click on photos for enlarged views.) Lobaria pulmonaria (left) and a section through it (below) that shows a layer of green algae under an outer skin of fungus, a dark brown internal clump of cyanobacteria (called a cephalodium ), and a non-sexual reproductive structure called a

16. The Book THE BOOK. lichens OF NORTH AMERICA. By Irwin M. Brodo, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, and Stephen Sharnoff http://www.lichen.com/book.html

Home Lichen Biology and the Environment Lichens and Wildlife Lichens and People ... Useful Links THE BOOK LICHENS OF NORTH AMERICA By Irwin M. Brodo, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, and Stephen Sharnoff Published by Yale University Press Select drawings by Susan Laurie-Bourque Foreword by Peter Raven Published in collaboration with the Canadian Museum of Nature Photographic fieldwork sponsored by the Missouri Botanical Garden Lichens of North America features 805 species from the United States and Canada described and illustrated in color (see Lichen Sampler and Lichen Portrait Gallery approx. 500 additional species discussed 927 color photographs in a 9.5 x 11 inch format, 828 pages total 821 black and white illustrations, including newly compiled range maps for most of the species described keys illustrated introductory chapters the lichen components and the lichen association growth forms and special features of lichens reproduction, physiology, and growth; lichen substrates lichen chemistry lichens and ecosystems soils and nutrient cycling lichens and animals biogeography lichens and people, including environmental monitoring with lichens

17. Mycologia Published papers on all aspects of fungi, including lichens. Subjects include physiology, biochemistry, ecology, pathology, development and morphology, systematics, cell biology and ultrastructure, genetics, molecular biology, evolution, applied aspects, and new techniques. http://www.mycologia.org/

Subscriptions About the journal Editorial board Instructions to authors ... The Mycological Society of America publishes Mycologia. Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press (TM) assists in the publication of Mycologia Online Free Trial Has Now ENDED Activate Your Subscriptions Now Select an Issue from the Archive Jan/Feb 2002 - Jan/Feb 2003 Search for Articles Jan/Feb 2002 - Jan/Feb 2003 Current Issue: Jan/Feb 2003 (Next: April ) Print ISSN: 0027-5514

18. The Lichens Find related journals and newsgroups, a checklist of Japanese lichens, and details about current research projects. Has photos and associations. The lichens. lichens are symbiotic associations between mycobionts (mostly Ascomycetes) and photobionts (Chlorophyceae http://www.is.kochi-u.ac.jp/Bio/lichens/lich-f-1.html

The Lichens Lichens are symbiotic associations between mycobionts (mostly Ascomycetes) and photobionts (Chlorophyceae or cyanobacteria). In our laboratory, we are proceeding with taxonomical and ecological studies on lichens. Graduation Theses Harada, H. 1983. Lichens of Mt. Tsurugi, Shikoku, Japan. ( Published as: Yoshimura, I. and H. Harada. 1986. Macrolichens of Mt. Tsurugi, Shikoku, Japan. Bull. Kochi Gakuen J. College 17: 303-326. Ono, M. 1997. Macrolichens of Mt. Kuishi, Shikoku, Japan (in Japanese). Matsukawa, N. 1997. Macrolichens of Mt. Yokogura, Shikoku, Japan (in Japanese). Checklist of Japanese lichens ver. 0.5 Links to other lichenological resources on the Internet General Lichenological Reserches Journals Herbaria, Checklists and Databases ... Lichenological Publications

19. Life History And Ecology Of Lichens lichens Life History Ecology. lichens are formed from a combinationof a fungal partner (mycobiont) and an algal partner (phycobiont). http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichenlh.html

Lichens Lichens are formed from a combination of a fungal partner ( mycobiont ) and an algal partner ( phycobiont ). The fungal filaments surround and grow into the algal cells, and provide the majority of the lichen's physical bulk and shape. In the picture below at left of the lichen Physia , the fungal filaments have been stained blue, and the scattered algal cells red. Also in the Physia section, you may notice a dark red layer along the top. This is an apothecium , much like the ones atop the British soldier lichen, below at right. An apothecium is a fungal reproductive structure, in which the fungus reproduces itself through the production of spores . These spores will disperse and germinate into new fungi, but they will not produce new lichens. For a lichen to reproduce, but the fungus and the alga must disperse together. Lichens reproduce in two basic ways. Firstly, a lichen may produce soredia , or a cluster of algal cells wrapped in fungal filaments. These may disperse and form new lichens. A second way for the lichen to reproduce itself is through isidia , which are much like soredia except that isidia are enclosed within a layer of protective cortex tissue. An isidium is much more like a miniature lichen.

20. Highland Eoclogy Highland Ecology consultants carry out a wide range of ecological and environmental work in the UK. We are leading experts in NVC and have a variety of specialist consultants able to carry out surveys for invertebrates, lichens, birds, mammals, fungi, bryophytes etc. http://www.highlandecology.com/

highland eoclogy http://highlandecology.com/

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