21. Francisco Coronado 15 American Timeline European exploration; Explorers, francisco Help DiscoveryChannel coronado, francisco vasquez de (1510 and powered by world Book Online. http://cybersleuth-kids.com/sleuth/History/Explorers/Francisco_Coronado/

Home Fun and Games Science Math ... Link to Us Explorers CLASSROOM CLIPART A Great Site to find school related clipart. Over 20,000 pictures, illustration, clipart and images to download!! Clipart History Animals Dinosaurs ... Weather Get Your Free Download EXPLORERS Cabeza de Vaca Christopher Columbus David Livingstone Estevanico the Moor ... William Dampier Search: Home History Explorers Francisco Coronado SEARCH RESULTS 1 - 12 of 15 American Timeline: European Exploration; Explorers, Francisco Coronado http: //fcps.k12.va.us/OakViewES/harris/97-98/a... CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Francisco Vasquez de Coronado An article from the Catholic Encyclopedia. http: //newadvent.org/cathen/04379e.htm Coronado http: //asw.waw.pl/elementary/student_work/fift... Coronado's Expedition: 1540-1542 http: //campus.northpark.edu/history//WebChron/Nort...

22. Explorers francisco vasquez de coronado francisco vasquez de coronado (1510-1554) From thetime of the earliest Spanish voyages to the new world, the soils of http://jeffcoweb.jeffco.k12.co.us/elem/marshdale/explorers.htm

Marshdale Elementary LMC 5th Grade Explorer Unit - Internet Research Sites The Age of Exploration :This tour includes sites that provide general information about the Age of Exploration and sites with very specific orientations, such as biographies of explorers, the study of navigation, and cartography. The tour even includes a student-developed project that was a ThinkQuest Junior competition finalist in 2000; it serves as both a resource and a model for possible student activities. http://techlearning.com/db_area/archives/WCE/archives/explorwt.htm Voyage of Exploration : Discovering New Horizons - This impressive site follows in the footsteps of some of the world's greatest explorers, reliving their adventurous expeditions into the unknown. Our aim is to take the users on a journey through past centuries looking at these adventurers, the dangers they faced, where they went and their motivation for exploration. http://library.thinkquest.org/C001692/?tqskip=1 Age of Exploration Timeline - Information about many explorers, including the Vikings, Prince Henry the Navigator, Vasco da Gama, Columbus, Magellan, John and Sebastian Cabot, Francis Drake, Jacques Cartier, Henry Hudson

23. 1U.S. And World History fighting to help General George Washington and the new Continental Congress Oklahoma1541 Hispanics led by francisco vasquez de coronado explore Oklahoma http://www.neta.com/~1stbooks/colony9.htm

America USA State by State Contributors Awards Contents Shop Amazon,Oprah's benefit auction- ... video Shop on line Fine Art Auctions Bargains Auto ... Miliary History home page Out of 50 states Hispanos explored and colonized at least 31 of the present "U.S." Spanish speaking America's far reaching influence, and contributions, continues throughout the U.S. today Over half of the present USA was explored by Hispanos- And from the early 1500's to the late 20th century (the present time), Spanish was spoke in the majority of the present states in our country. And from the early 1900's to the present, English and Spanish have shared the status of dual languages in the present USA. 1776 when the Decloration of Independence was signed, it was a toss up between several languages; however, Spanish continued to be the collective language of the majority in the present "U.S." at the time of the America Revolution. When new immigrants from Spanish speaking countries assimilate, they assimilate into the USA Spanish speaking community; which has been in existence collectively for 500 years. There are two collective (dual languages) throughout the present USA- Spanish and English. Within the Spanish and English languages which are spoke collectively in the USA, there are thousands of Indigenous Tribes each with their own distinct languages. As the following facts show, the Spanish language was/is not only confined to the American southwest, but is spread through out the present USA.

24. Explorers An Adventure to the new world Another site with something Christopher Columbus- The Navigation Homepage francisco vasquez de coronado francisco vasquez http://www.edina.k12.mn.us/concord/classresources/explorers.html

Explorer Resources The New Book of Knowledge Online (accessible from school only) Reference and current events for grades 3 and up. Grolier Online Encyclopedia (accessible from school only) Reference and current events for grades 5 and up. World Book Online Encyclopedia (accessible from school only) Reference and current events for grades 5 and up. Sailing Ships of the Late 1400s This guides you to information about navigation, ships, and explorers. It's worth a check. Exploration Vocabulary: Words and definitions used by some explorers. Explorer Resources - Something for almost everyone! An Adventure to the New World - Another site with something for almost everyone. Yahooligans' Explorers Vasco Nunez de Balboa - a biography Vasco Nunez de Balboa, famous Hispanic Pedralvarez Cabral Jacques Cartier Samuel de Champlain ... Christopher Columbus - A short biography Christopher Columbus, Man and Myth Christopher Columbus - The Navigation Homepage Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Francisco Vasquez de Coronado - a PBS biography Hernan Cortez Hernan Cortez - An Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico Lewis and Clark Sir Francis Drake Vasco da Gama Henry Hudson - His Life and Times Henry Hudson - a biography Ferdinand Magellan - a biography Ferdinand Magellan - another biography Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet Francisco Pizarro - His Quest for Inca Gold and His Execution of Atahualpa Francisco Pizarro - His Destruction of the Inca Empire Marco Polo Marco Polo - Report by a Fifth Grader Amerigo Vespucci - Basic Information, and a great sketch

25. European History 1500s American History Spanish Conquistadors; new world Maps. Cortes Letter toCharles V; francisco vasquez de coronado; coronado; Latin America and the http://pw1.netcom.com/~wandaron/eur.html

Forward to Southwestern Studies The Magical History Tour Back to Pottery El Centro History Home ... American Indians European History Links Texas and Southwest Explorers Pre-Renaissance History: Nomadic Peoples Minoan and Mycanaen Civilizations Phoenicians Rome and Its Empire ... Europe Exercises Online Columbus To Links TWO OPINIONS: "He had his faults and his defects, but they were largely the defects of the qualities that made him great..." Samuel Morison, Christopher Columbus, Mariner "To emphasize the heroism of Columbus and his successors as navigators and discoverers, and to de-emphasize their genocide, is not a technical necessity but an ideological choice. It serves to justify what was done..." Howard Zinn, A People's History of the U.S. Links Caribbean-Connection.com: Christopher Columbus First Things: The Crimes of Columbus New York Public Library - Columbus and Early European Exploration: A Research Guide Vista Magazine - Columbus ... Christophorus Columbus (Cristobal Colon) - Links from Discoverers Web 1492: An Ongoing Voyage - An Exhibit of the Library of Congress Columbus Day - Links The Columbus Doors - Mythmaking in the US Capitol Medieval Sourcebook: Christopher Columbus: Extracts from his Journal ... New York Statue of Columbus The Renaissance The Renaissance Renaissance Resources Selected Works of Martin Luther Explorers, Exploration, and Colonialism

26. Exploring Explorers 41. Columbus.Carmen Sandiego Connection Time Columbus and the new world 1493 This coronado.AMost Famous Failing francisco vasquez de coronado This page http://www.angelfire.com/id/explore/explore3.html

Exploring Explorers General Information on Explorers Explorers Provides links to reports by Mrs. Vanicek’s Fifth Grade Class at Dodge Elementary School Grand Island, Nebraska Explorers of the New World This was created by fifth graders at Palisades Elementary School in Lake Oswego, Oregon Explorers list These are projects of year 5 and year 6 students at Hallet Cove South Primary. The Exploration of the Americas This was created by Dr. Prudhomme's fifth grade class at V.L Murray Elementary. Explorer Card Student Work by fourth graders at Germantown Academy. Explorers of the Millennium This was created by some 4th and 5th grade students at Sherwood School in Highland Park, IL. It was the 4th place winner of the 1998 ThinkQuest Jr. Contest. Explorers This was created by three juniors at the University of Richmond. Discovery: The New World World Culture Page by Richard Hooker 1997 associated with Washington State University Explorers and Exploration – Discovering the Explorers Page by Robinson Research World of Knowledge Age of Exploration Curriculum Guide Latitude: The Art and Science of Fifteenth Century Navigation at Rice University Discovery and Exploration at American Memory Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Discoverers Web by Andre Engels Exploration is a Risky Business by the Discoverers Web. This lists explorers who died while exploring.

27. NEW MEXICO & SANTA FE - (Tourism World Magazine) In 1540 the explorer and conquistador francisco vasquez de coronado coronado left,but Spanish settlers began arriving in Bosque Grande de San francisco Xavier http://www.tourismworld.com.au/vol1_issue1/newmexico/newmexico.htm

You cannot see Java Applets! NEW MEXICO feature ( page 1 of 4 ) mexico There are any number of misconceptions about New Mexico. To set the record straight it is not part of Mexico, it is one of the states of the USA. And you do not need your passport to get there from any other state in the USA. And, no, the population is not primarily Mexican. But there is no doubt that the name makes such confusion understandable. The state has had a chequered history, being settled by everyone ranging from the original Native Americans - the politically correct name for Indians - to Spaniards, Mexicans and, eventually, the USA. New Mexico, Santa Fe in particular, has a tremendous attraction for what you might like to think of as the New Age push, and throughout the state alternative ways of living are in style. At the moment the culturally diverse style of New Mexico, especially the heavy Spanish influence, is very much in vogue with interior decorators who can boast about the Santa Fe look. Note that there is little public transport in New Mexico, although Albuquerque has a proper airport and Amtrak has a train service which stops there. This is one of the places where you simply have to hire a car if you are going to see the sights.

28. Spain's Conquests In The New World In 1540, francisco vasquez de coronado set out from Campostela near the west coastof coronado traveled through what are now Arizona, new Mexico, Texas http://www2.worldbook.com/features/explorers/html/age_spain.html

Seeking a route to the Indies Sailing around Africa Finding a new world Columbus reaches America ... Early explorations in the New World Spain's conquests in the New World The French and English in the New World The search for a Northwest Passage Legendary places in America Magellan goes around the globe Spain's conquests in the New World During the early 1500's, Spanish explorers pushed across most of Central and South America. They unintentionally brought with them smallpox and other diseases that were unknown in the Americas. As a result, thousands of Native Americans, who had no resistance to these diseases, sickened and died from them. The Spanish explorers established colonies in the new lands. Royal officials, Roman Catholic priests, and settlers arrived soon after the explorers. The Indians typically were forced to work for the Spaniards. The Spaniards also brought sugar cane, wheat, and other new plants to the Americas, as well as horses, cattle, sheep, and other domestic animals. The Spaniards took back to Europe many plants that were unknown there, such as corn and potatoes. One of the most important Spanish expeditions in the New World was commanded by Hernando Cortes (kawr TEHZ), who left Cuba in 1519 with more than 600 men. He sailed to what is now the Mexican state of Yucatan, which was a center of Maya civilization. Cortes moved along the coast of Mexico and then inland to Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the capital of the Aztec empire. Along the way, he met an Indian woman named Malinche, whom the Spaniards called Dona Marina. Malinche, who knew both the Maya and the Aztec languages, served as an interpreter for Cortes.

29. Classroom Handouts: European Discovery Of The New World 1. How many people were living in the new world when Columbus arrived? 15401542,francisco vasquez de coronado, Explored American Southwest as far north as http://www.gliah.uh.edu/historyonline/us1.cfm

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30. UShistory1 founds Hispaniola 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, divides new world between Spain theIncas 153943 Hernán de Soto francisco vasquez de coronado explore the http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~upchurch/US/UShistory1.html

EUROPEAN POWERS IN THE NEW WORLD - 16TH CENTURY Main Ambitions - to find a passage to the Orient - to find gold and other luxury goods - to claim the new lands before other European powers claimed them EARLY EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS New Spain 1493 Columbus founds Hispaniola 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, divides New World between Spain and Portugal 1513 Juan Ponce De Leon lands in Florida 1531-1538 Francisco Pizarro conquers the Incas 1565 Spain establishes St. Augustine, Florida 1566-1581 The Dutch gain Independence from Spain 1573 The Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries puts the pacification of the northern lands in the hands of the missionaries rather than military adventurers. 1588 Spanish Armada is defeated by England New France Exploration and settlement led by explorer and traders (coureurs de bois). Main sources of profit are fish and furs. 1524 Giovanni da Verrezano explores the North American coast 1532 Papal Bull allows France to claim new lands discovered in the Americas 1534,1542 Jacques Cartier explores the Canadian coast; claims lands bounded by the Gulf of St. Lawrence; French establish a profitable fur trade 1562,1564 French Huguenots attempt to establish colonies in South Carolina and Florida; one fails to be self-sustaining, Spain destroys the second

31. Exploration And Explorers Discoverers Web Homepage Discovery and exploration Maps Title List Explorers of theNew world Explorers of the coronado, francisco vasquez de coronado, http://www.kodiak.k12.ak.us/pete/teachers/gibbs/exploration.html

Exploration General California Discovered Links to all kinds of explorers. Coastal Navigation and Exploration of the Monterey Bay Area Discoverers Web Homepage ... Jonathan Swift - Gulliver's Travels - Table of Contents Explorers Vikings: Leif Ericson Homepage The Viking Network: Leif Ericsson Leif Erikson Leif Ericson Biography (from ODIN) Vasco Balboa: Vasco Da Balboa: First European To Sight Pacific Ocean Vasco Nunez De Balboa by Thomas Quimby The Great Explorers East Hampton Middle School Balboa: Hispanos Famosos ... Discoverers Web: Balboa Cabrillo Discoverers Web: Cabrillo Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo Cabrillo National Monument Expedition John Cabot: John Cabot John Cabot The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot ... John Cabot By Amy Morgan, Grade 5, 1998 The John Cabot 500th Anniversary Site Discoverers Web: John Cabot Cartier: Jacques Cartier's contribution toponymy Jacques Cartier Discoverers Web: Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier ... Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) Champlain: Samuel Champlain (1567-1635) Samuel de Champlain Samuel Champlain The Explorations of Champlain ... Samuel de Champlain's 1607 Map James Cook: James Cook James Cook: British Navigator and Explorer Biography of Captain James Cook Captain James Cook ... Captain James Cook - "The Great Ocean's Greatest Explorer"

32. New Mexico History- Coronado's Expedition the rest of the exploration parties were really searching for the wealth that mightbe in the region of new Mexico. francisco vasquez de coronado was an http://www.cia-g.com/~rockets/dNMhist.coronado.htm

Coronado Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was an ambitious adventurer who desired great wealth. He searched for fabled cities with vast treasure, but these places were not to be found. Instead, his quest for increased wealth left him with huge financial losses and a tarnished reputation. While wintering in the village, an Indian named Turk told Coronado tales of riches in the east. The following spring, the expedition left for the fabled Quivara, but they only discovered the grass houses of the Wichita Indians. Due to his fabrications, Turk was killed by Spaniards frustrated by the failure of their expedition. The Anglo attitude was one of total removal from their lands or total inhalation. The Indian was continually pushed aside or killed. The colonial Spaniards put great faith in the legends and myths which were being told throughout Spain. These beliefs led Fernando Cortez to discover Mexico. Spanish soldiers conquered the Aztec Indians, and discovered precious metals. Astonishing tales concerning great treasures in the North were being told by local and visiting Indians. The Spanish, believing the tales of the Indians, began searching for the Seven Cities of Gold, the Gran Quivira, the Seven Cities of the Seven Bishops, and the Seven Caves of Origin of the Aztecs. During 1536, four survivors of the Narvaez Expedition arrived in Caliacan. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca claimed to have seen only small supplies of cotton shawls, beads, and turquoise among the Indians during his trip. He also saw five arrowheads made out of emeralds. However, he reported hearing stories of people who lived in large houses in the North who traded in turquoise and other goods.

33. Blank Page 11 First, I learned francisco vasquez de coronado was born in groups horses (not as surprisedas coronado though Old world to new, Janet Podell and Steven Anzovin. http://www.pwcs.edu/pattie/Cahoon/Blank Page 11.htm

Join Me And Francisco Vasquez De Coronado (And Me, Garcia Lopez De Cardenas) As We Explore The Southern Regions Of North America Our journey begins in 1540. I am so excited. It is my first exploration ever and I can’t wait to start. By the way, my name is Garcia Lopez de Cardenas. Just call me Garcia. I live in Mexico and so does my leader. I’ll introduce him now, his name is Francisco Vasquez de Coronado and he is originally from Spain. He will by leading our expedition. There are 1444 others on our trip. This includes 5 priests led by Friar Marcos, 336 men (including me), 800 Mexican Indians and 3 wives. One of the wives is a tailor’s wife and she tends to the sick, cooks food and mends clothing. We hope to find the Seven Cities of Cibola. Cibola means gold is Spanish. We are searching in the south west of Northern America. It is necessary to pack many supplies. We have thousands of cattle, sheep goats and pigs. We’ve collected them for a walking supply of fresh meat for us travelers. We bought them here is Mexico. We are bringing shields, spears and swords as weapons to defend ourselves from Indians and wild animals.

34. Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution On The Web coronado, francisco vasquez de (15101554) Cortes, Hernan (1485 Renaissance and howGalileo's new science impacted Latitude The Science of Sailing the world. http://web.uccs.edu/~history/index/enlightenment.html

Discovery Age of Reason The History of Science European, Asian/African ... U.S. History Pages The Enlightenment The Age of Exploration, The Age of Reason and The Scientific Revolution Click here for H-Net Reviews On- line reviews of books and other multi-media sources. See especially H-SCI-MED-TECH and H-Ideas. Explorers on the Web Cabrillo, Juan Rodriquez Sailed to New Spain in 1542 and discovered and named San Diego Bay and Santa Barbara. Captain Morgan's Journal Links to online resources for maritime and nautical history. Cartier, Jacques (1491-1557) Looking for a passage through or around North America. Champlain, Samuel de (1597-1635) Christopher Columbus Columbus Navigation Homepage Introduction to 1492: An Ongoing Voyage Cook, James (1728-1779) British navigator and explorer. Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de (1510-1554) Cortes, Hernan (1485-1547) Dampier, William (1652-1715) Explorer, sea captain, pirate. Highly regarded map-maker and navigator. Hearne, Samuel

35. MHSchool: Rip Van Winkle By Washington Irving Dramatized By Adele Thane Take to the high seas for an expedition to the new world with the find out more aboutJohn Cabot, Hernando de Soto, francisco vasquez de coronado, and others http://www.mhschool.com/student/reading/mhreading/activity.php3?story=195

36. Specificexplorers coronado. francisco vasquez de coronado. coronado National Memorial. coronado Links.Vasco da Gama Hernando deSoto The new world. Hernando deSoto Links. http://www.fidnet.com/~weid/specificexplorers.html

Specific Explorers Vasco Nunez de Balboa James Cavendish Hernando ... de Mendoza Vasco Balboa: Balboa Discover's Web: Balboa Balboa Balboa ... Nunez de Balboa is the First European to see the Pacific Ocean from the Americas: 1513 John Cabot: John Cabot John Cabot or John Cabot John Cabot, Explorer About John Cabot The Matthew Legacy - The Story of John Cabot ... European Explorers: John Cabot : Site of links. John and Sebastian Cabot Sebastian Cabot: Sebastian Cabot, Explorer About Sebastian Cabot Sebastian Cabot Sebastian Cabot Links Pedro Alvares Cabral: Cabral Pedro Cabral About Cabral Cabral ... Cabral Links Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo: Discoverers Web: Cabrillo Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo : Exceptional information. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo : From the National Parks Service. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo : A student site. Cabrilho's Discovery of California Coastal Navigation and Exploration of the Monterey Bay Area Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo Juan de Cartegena: Jacques Cartier: Cartier, 1534-1536 The Mariners' Museum - Voyages of Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jacques Cartier ... European Explorers: Jacques Cartier : Site of links. Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier Discover's Web: Jacques Cartier Cartier, Jacques

37. Explorationwebpageproject.htm Your task is to investigate these early expeditions to the new world. Luisde Mendoza, francisco vasquez de coronado. Conquistador. http://www.fidnet.com/~weid/explorationwebpageproject.html

38. Spanish Entrada places on the huge land mass representing the new world—often in in the tellingbecause he was soon followed by francisco vasquez de coronado, leading a http://discoverseaz.com/History/CorExped.html

The Entry of the Spanish The Conquistadors The Legend of the Seven Cities As these stories circulated as part of the Spanish lore, tales were coming down from the north from Indians who claimed to have seen cities of buildings four and five stories high, decorated with turquoises. When the four forlorn survivors of the Florida expedition of Narvaez arrived in Mexico in 1536, they reported tales of large and powerful villages, four and five stories high. Cabeza de Vaca, one of these survivors, said that the lands he had actually seen were "remote and malign, devoid of resources," but that the Indians in the Sonora valley had told tales of a rich, faraway people with whom they traded. Two Franciscans, Fray Juan de la Asuncion and Fray Pedro Nadal, who traveled north in 1538 on a missionary journey, were also told of a country where people wore cotton clothes, had many turquoises and knew of larger and wealthier villages than their own. Following the San Pedro to its confluence with the Gila, Marcos forged ahead through the uninhabited land to the north. Within two or three days journey from Cibola, Marcos met Estevan's companions returning from there. They brought the news that the Indians ahead had killed Estevan. Marcos supposedly convinced the Pimas to guide him to a spot on a hill from which he could see the cities they had almost reached. After one long look, he quickly returned to Mexico. When he got there his tale must have improved in the telling because he was soon followed by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, leading a well-equipped force of conquistadores.

39. Explorers From The Early 1500's - EnchantedLearning.com an unsuccessful trip around the world (15261529 History of the Conquest of new Spain)in 1568 coronado, francisco vasquez de francisco Vásquez de coronado (1510 http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/1500a.shtml

EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. Click here to learn more. An Enchanted Learning Web Page Zoom Explorers A B C D ... Glossary of Exploration Terms Explorers from 1501-1550: the Early Sixteenth Century ALBUQUERQUE, AFONSO DE Afonso de Albuquerque (14-1515) was a Portuguese soldier and explorer who sailed to the Spice Islands (the Moluccas, a group of Islands in Indonesia) in 1507-1511, trying to monopolize trade with this area; from Europe, he sailed around Africa to the Indian Ocean. He was appointed the Viceroy of India by King Emmanuel in 1509. He forcibly destroyed the Indian city of Calicut in January, 1510, and took Goa (in southern India) in March, 1510, claiming Goa for Portugal. AYLLON, LUCAS VAZQUEZ DE South Carolina . His attempt to settle the coast of the Carolinas (near the mouth of the Peedee River at Winyah Bay) was unsuccessful. For more information on De Ayllon, click here BALBOA, VASCO NUNEZ DE Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1475-1519) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer. He was the first European to see the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean (in 1513), after crossing the Isthmus of Panama overland. For more information on Balboa, click here

40. Spain In The New World To 1600 - National Park Service - Fort Raleigh National H By 1532, francisco Pizarro, had effected the early stages of It was built in 1526,by Luis vasquez de Ayllon From 1540 to 1542 coronado explored the Southwest. http://www.nps.gov/fora/spain.htm

SPAIN IN THE NEW WORLD TO 1600 Bristol Mariners seem to have visited Canada in the 1480s, and Christopher Columbus may have learned of, and been inspired by, their voyages. In 1492, William Ayers, an Irishman undoubtedly familiar with English activities, sailed with Columbus on the Santa Maria. In 1497 and 1498 John Cabot, like Columbus a Genoese expatriate, explored eastern Canada under the English flag. By 1502 Englishmen were trading in Newfoundland and parts south, and organizing syndicates, some involving Azorean Portuguese, to exploit the fisheries there. England did not miss the entire European rediscovery of the Western Hemisphere, but did retire early. While England slept, Spain became dominant in the New World and on the high seas. The Caribbean and the Mainland In 1493, during his second voyage, Columbus founded Isabela, the first permanent Spanish settlement in the New World, on Hispaniola. After finding gold in recoverable quantities nearby, the Spanish quickly overran the island and spread to Puerto Rico in 1508, to Jamaica in 1509, and to Cuba in 1511. The natives fared badly. Many died in one-sided armed conflict with soldiers and settlers, or in forced servitude in mines and on plantations. Others died of diseases to which they had no immunity. By mid-century, the native Ciboney of Hispaniola and western Cuba were extinct, and other tribes, including the Arawak of Puerto Rico, were nearly so. Beginning in 1508, Spanish settlements sprang up on the mainland of Central and South America. In 1519, just six years after Balboa had crossed the Isthmus of Panama and claimed the entire Pacific Ocean for Spain, Pedro Arias de Avila, Balboa's father-in-law and executioner, founded the city of Panama on the

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