61. The Great Lakes _ [on The Forgotten Continent] the life and culture of chokwe, Lwena (Luvale), Lunda, and other related peoplesof Angola, the State of indigenous Populations Living in Rainforest Areas http://www.nephridium.org/features/africa/the_great_lakes/articles.html

back to front other features focus on the great lakes visualising a region maps the following references are drawn from web of science Record 1 of 57 Author(s): Hall-Ellis SD Title: The African dream: The diaries of the revolutionary war in the Congo. Source: LIBRARY JOURNAL 2001, Vol 126, Iss 15, pp 87-87 Source item page count: 1 Publication Date: SEP 15 IDS No.: 473HE 29-char source abbrev: LIBR J Record 2 of 57 Author(s): Nest M Title: Ambitions, profits and loss: Zimbabwean economic involvement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Source: AFRICAN AFFAIRS 2001, Vol 100, Iss 400, pp 469-490 Source item page count: 22 Publication Date: JUL IDS No.: 467LT 29-char source abbrev: AFR AFFAIRS Record 3 of 57 Author(s): Dunn KC Title: Historical dictionary of Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 2000, Vol 33, Iss 2, pp 453-453 Source item page count: 1 IDS No.: 448JJ 29-char source abbrev: INT J AFR HIST STUD Record 4 of 57 Author(s): Dunn KC Title: The Congo-Zaire experience, 1960-98

62. Untitled matrilineal societies, such as amongst the Akan peoples of Ghana in Christianitythe growth, gifts and diversities of indigenous African churches chokwe, S, Mp, Mp. http://www3.sympatico.ca/ian.ritchie/AFRWOMEN.html

AFRICAN THEOLOGY AND THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN AFRICA [a work in progress] Presented to the Canadian Theological Society May 25, 2001 by Ian D. Ritchie, Ph.D. St. John's Anglican Church, 41 Church St., Kingston, ON., K7M 1H2 The paper assesses the role played by African theologians in advancing the status of women in Africa. The perception (common in western church circles) of the African church as a bastion of conservatism and patriarchy will be examined critically. Starting with a brief overview of gender in precolonial Africa, moving to an analysis of the influence of mission Christianity and the African Initiated Churches, the paper concludes with an evaluation of the influence of African theologians. The conclusion that Christianity may be moving African women towards equality more rapidly than in western societies speaks of a positive relationship between academic theology, church and society.[ An earlier version of this article formed a chapter of the author's 1993 doctoral dissertation, African Theology and Social Change.

63. SOCIAL SCIENCE NEWSLETTER LIST FEBRUARY 1999 MAN Inculturation and African Religion indigenous and Western a case study of chokwe,Limpopo 1950 and the self determination of peoples / Sellers, Mortimer http://168.167.8.3/library/facnews/99FEBSSL.HTM

SOCIAL SCIENCE NEWSLETTER FEBRUARY 1999 SOCIAL SCIENCE The good research guide for small-scale social research projects / Denscombe, Martyn . Buckingham : Open University Press, 1998 300.72 DEN How to research / Blaxter, Loraine; Hughes, Christina, 1952-; Tight, Malcolm . Buckingham : Open University Press, 1996 011.42 BLA Undoing and redoing corpus planning / Clyne, Michael . Berlin : M. de Gruyter, 1997 306.449 UND SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY Activity programming in long-term care / Avery, Lynn F. . New York : Springer, 1997 362.16 AVE Africa demographic and health surveys : chartbook . Washington, DC : Population Reference Bureau, 1992 PH 304.6096 AFR Aged care : old policies, new problems / Gibson, Diane . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1998 362.60994 GIB Anthropology and anthropologists : the modern British school / Kuper, Adam 306.0942 KUP At-risk-youth : theory, practice, reform / Kronick, F. Robert . New York : Garland, 1997 371.9308694 ATR Border visions : Mexican cultures of the Southwest United States / Velez-Ibanez, Carlos G. . Turson : University of Arizona Press, 1996

64. Memmi, Dominique Translate this page Anchoring democracy in indigenous African institutions / Daniel Ayana. artand initiation among chokwe and related peoples / Manuel Jordán. http://www.rero.ch/reroweb/produits/LNA/NE/neueth_0212.htm

65. Africans Art must consider both perspectives the indigenous as well the cultures of other peoplesonly by from a longstanding Western, imperialistic involvement in africa. http://www.webzinemaker.net/africans-art/index.php3?action=page&id_art=360

66. 1Up Info > Angola > Lunda-Chokwe | Angolan Information Resource Mbundu influence on these two peoples, but the work of a number of linguists placestheir languages firmly with the set that includes Ruund, Lunda, and chokwe. http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/angola/angola71.html

You are here 1Up Info Angola History People ... News Search 1Up Info Angola Angola Lunda-Chokwe The Chokwe, until the latter half of the nineteenth century a small group of hunters and traders living near the headwaters of the Cuango and Cassai rivers, were at the southern periphery of the Lunda Empire and paid tribute to its head. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Chokwe became increasingly involved in trading and raiding, and they expanded in all directions, but chiefly to the north, in part absorbing the Ruund and other peoples. In the late nineteenth century, the Chokwe went so far as to invade the capital of the much-weakened empire in Katanga. As a consequence of this Chokwe activity, a mixed population emerged in parts of Zaire as well as in Angola, although there were virtually homogenous communities in both countries consisting of Chokwe, Ruund, or Southern Lunda. The intermingling of Lunda (Ruund and Southern Lunda) and Chokwe, in which other smaller groups were presumably also caught up, continued until about 1920. It was only after that time that the mixture acquired the hyphenated label and its members began to think of themselves (in some contexts) as one people. The languages spoken by the various elements of the so-called Lunda-Chokwe were more closely related to each other than to other Bantu languages in the Zairian-Angolan savanna but were by no means mutually intelligible. The three major tongues (Ruund, Lunda, and Chokwe) had long been distinct from each other, although some borrowing of words, particularly of Ruund political titles by the others, had occurred.

67. UN Wire: An Independent News Briefing About The UN in the flooddamaged chokwe district, north of the obligation of consulting indigenouspeoples (Betancourt, La (Back to Contents) WEST africa Countries Agree http://www.unfoundation.org/unwire/2001/08/24/current.asp

advanced search U.N. Affairs Health Environment ... UN Wire Home 24 August 2001 HEALTH HIV/AIDS:  Up To 50,000 Chinese Infected Through Blood Donations HIV/AIDS II:  Infection In Schools Causes Crisis In Central African Republic IRAQ:  WHO Team Expected To Visit Next Week WOMEN, CHILDREN AND POPULATION ERITREA:  U.N. Peacekeepers Allegedly Involved In Child Prostitution CAMBODIA:  Illegal Sex Trade Valued At $511 Million BANGLADESH:  ILO Launches Child Labor Survey, Media Calls For Partial Ban ENVIRONMENT CAMBODIA:  Peacetime Presents New Threats To Wildlife DISASTERS:  Experts To Discuss Water-Related Catastrophes At ESCAP Meet OCEANS:  UNESCO-Backed Conference To Begin In Seoul Monday BIOTECHNOLOGY:  West Ignores Needs Of Poor, Biologist Says ECONOMICS, TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT UKRAINE:  Labor Conditions Worsening, ILO Says EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND CULTURE UNESCO:  Agency Calls On Taliban To Protect Heritage EDUCATION:  High-Population Countries Pass Declaration On Strategies HUMANITARIAN AID AND FOOD SECURITY MOZAMBIQUE:  Government, World Food Program Assess Flood-Hit Areas

68. Guide To The Collections Of The Human Studies Film Archives the kora or bulon bata; chokwe and Mbundu street scenes in Cape Town and indigenousdwellings along the continued independence of these peoples, Reverend Scott http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/guide/hsfa_africa.htm

National Anthropological Archives and Human Studies Film Archives What's New About the Archives ... of the Human Studies Film Archives Africa AF-77.1.1: [Herskovits' Film Study of West Africa, 1931] Footage shot during fieldwork in Dahomey (Benin), Nigeria, and the Gold Coast (Ghana). Documentation of Yoruba, Hausa, Ashanti, and Dahomean culture includes: elegbara dancers and an Igun (Egungun) ceremony in Abeokuta, Nigeria; Hausa drummers and praise singers of the Emir of Kano, Nigeria; court scenes and Kwasidei ceremony in Asokore (Gold Coast) honoring a chief's ancestors; market scenes in Abomey, Dahomey; a dokpwe (communal work group); Dahomean chief with wives and praise singers; legba dancers and drummers and Nesuhwe ceremony honoring ancestors; and various subsistence and craft activities including iron-forging, brasswork, woodcarving, weaving, hoeing and planting. Creator: Melville J. Herskovits, anthropologist (1895-1963)

69. Carta Aberta African Commission on Human and peoples Rights of society actors and other indigenousAngolans. historically marginalized Ovimbundu, Bakongo, chokwe and other http://cjpra.freeservers.com/carta_aberta.htm

Free Web site hosting - Freeservers.com AS SANÇÕES CONTRA A UNITA SO UM CRIME E DEVEM FINDAR O MAIS RÁPIDO POSSÍVEL... (QUEM COMEÇOU A 3ª GUERRA CIVIL EM ANGOLA FOI O REGIME DE LUANDA, AFIRMAM OS 5 PERITOS DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS! ) Entrevista dada pelo Presidente Dr. Jonas Savimbi à Voz da América PRESS RELEASE NR.01/UNITA/ C.P.C.P/2001 MEMORANDUM ... CARTA ABERTA AOS POVOS DE EXPRESSO PORTUGUESA OPEN LETTER Mr. Peter Hain, MP Windhoek Namibia We, the NSHR, are glad to have learned from the Press Notice issued by the British High Commission in Windhoek about your impending arrival in Namibia for talks with Namibian Government leaders on issues of mutual concern. NSHR is an indigenous and private human rights monitoring and advocacy organization duly recognized by both the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations and the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights of the Organization of African Unity as a body concerned with issues in their competence. NSHR is an active part and parcel of the growing worldwide movement for tolerance and peace. Because of our firm belief in the principle of the universality, indivisibility, interrelatedness and interdependence of human rights, we are not least concerned about human rights issues anywhere in the world. Nonetheless, since charity begins at home your arrival here comes at a time when this country and others in the SADC region are being threatened and or have already been afflicted by local and regional conflicts as well as gross human rights abuses.

70. Welcome To Adobe GoLive 5 with the history of the indigenous populations. southward expansion of Bantuspeakingpeoples during the a strong central government, the chokwe (also spelled http://www.palo.org/palo/precolonial-angola.html

Precolonial Angola and the Arrival of the Portuguese Although the precolonial history of many parts of Africa has been carefully researched and preserved, there is relatively little information on the region that forms contemporary Angola as it was before the arrival of the Europeans in the late 1400s. The colonizers of Angola, the Portuguese, did not study the area as thoroughly as British, French, and German scholars researched their colonial empires. The Portuguese, in fact, were more concerned with recording the past of their own people in Angola than with the history of the indigenous populations. The limited information that is available indicates that the original inhabitants of present-day Angola were hunters and gatherers. Their descendants, called Bushmen by the Europeans, still inhabit portions of southern Africa, and small numbers of them may still be found in southern Angola. These Khoisan speakers lost their predominance in southern Africa as a result of the southward expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples during the first millennium A.D. The Bantu speakers were a Negroid people, adept at farming, hunting, and gathering, who probably began their migrations from the rain forest near what is now the Nigeria-Cameroon border. Bantu expansion was carried out by small groups that made a series of short relocations over time in response to economic or political conditions. Some historians believe that the Khoisan speakers were peacefully assimilated rather than conquered by the Bantu. Others contend that the Khoisan, because of their passive nature, simply vacated the area and moved south, away from the newcomers.

71. The Resurgence Of Body Ornamentation And Augmentation A research paper by Mecca Shakoor, a student at UC Berkeley. Outlines the history and relates it Category Society Subcultures Urban Primitive Body Modification...... manipulation are ancient practices among indigenous people internationally Africanpeoples practice other radical forms of The chokwe who file their teeth to http://www-mcnair.berkeley.edu/98journal/mshakoor/

The Resurgence of Body Ornamentation and Augmentation in Current Western Civilization Mecca Shakoor Introduction In contemporary Western society, people who alter their appearance in socially provocative ways are typically youths, and because youths are essentially the future of society it is potentially revelatory to examine why so many deliberately choose to separate themselves from the population at large. Does norm-defying ornamentation fulfill some psychological need unmet by contemporary society? Are certain forms of body ornamentation indicative of unhealthy, antisocial, or even evil influences as some detractors contend? If these fears or opinions have any basis in reality, should society as a whole fear the future? Most gracious and merciful Saviour, Jesus Christ, thou knowest how we be born, clothed and clogged with the grievous and heavy burden of the first man, who fell away unto fleshliness through disobedience. Vouchsafe, therefore I beseech thee, to strip me out of the old corrupt Adam, which being soaked in sin, transformeth himself into all incumbrances and diseases of the mind, that may lead away from Thee (Ashley, 1988, p. 203). Tattooing is widely practiced among the peoples of the South Pacific. In fact, the word tattoo comes from the Tahitian word

72. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #21 (12/27/98) (continued) Kuba (Congo / Zaire) and the chokwe (Angola); section heritage both of the peoplesof Mozambique Mosimege, David Mogege Manager indigenous Technologies CSIR http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_21a.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-21 (continued) BACK to Newsletter 21 first page TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Have you read? Announcements Addresses of scholars and institutions mentioned in this newsletter Suggestions ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE 6. HAVE YOU READ? 6.1 On the History of Mathematics in Africa #265 Actes du 5e Colloque Maghrebin sur l'Histoire des Mathematiques Arabes [Proceedings of 5th Maghrebian Colloquium on the History of Arabic Mathematics], Imprimerie Impak, Tunis (Tunisia), 1998, 257 pp. Proceedings of the 5th Maghrebian Colloquium on the History of Arabic Mathematics (December 1-3, 1994; cf. the report by Ahmed Djebbar, AMUCHMA 14:3.1 #266 Actes du Colloque de Marrakech sur "Le raisonnement géométrique, enseignement et apprentissage".[Proceedings of the Marrakech Colloquium on "Geometrical Reasoning, Teaching and Learning"], Imprimerie Walili, Marrakech (Morocco), 1998, 214 pp. These proceedings of an international colloquium held in Marrakech (May 28-31, 1997; cf. AMUCHMA 19:2.1

73. Angola (12/01) 68%, various Protestant 20%; indigenous beliefs, 12 ProgovernmentPeoples' Movementfor the Liberation of Other groups include chokwe (or Lunda), Ganguela http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6619.htm

[Print Friendly Version] Bureau of African Affairs December 2001 Background Note: Angola PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Angola ( Republica de Angola Geography Area: 1,246,700 sq. km. (481,400 sq. mi), about twice the size of Texas. Cities: Capital Luanda (pop. 3.8 million); Huambo (750,000); Benguela (600,000). Terrain: A narrow, dry coastal strip extending from Luanda to Namibia; well-watered agricultural highlands; savanna in the far east and south; and rain forest in the north and Cabinda. Climate: Tropical and tropical highland. People Nationality: Noun and adjective- -Angolan(s). Population (2001 official est.): 13,300,000. Annual population growth rate (2001 official est.): 2.9%. Ethnic groups: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mixed racial 2%, European 1%. Religions: Roman Catholic 68%, various Protestant 20%; indigenous beliefs, 12% (2001 official est.) Languages: Portuguese (official), Ovimbundu, Kimbundu, Bakongo, and others. Education: Years compulsory Enrollment primary school, 42%; secondary, 20%, and post-secondary, 3%. Literacy (total population over 15 that can read and write, 1998 est.)42% (male 56%, female 28%).

74. AIO Keywords List Asia Asian Americans Asian peoples Asians Asiatic Tombs Censorship Census CentralAfrica Central African Chokosi see Chokossi Chokossi chokwe Chola Cholas see http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/anthind/keywords.html

A B C D ... Y Abagusii see Gusii Kenya Aban see Shor Abandoned settlements Abashevo culture Abbasids see also Islamic empire Abduction Abelam Abenaki North American Indians (Algonquian) Northeast Abetalipoproteinaemia Abidjan Ability Abkhazia Abnormalities ABO blood-group system Abolitionists Abominable snowman see Yeti Aboriginal studies Abortion Abrasion Absahrokee language see Crow language Absaraka language see Crow language Absaroka language see Crow language Absaroke language see Crow language Absolutism see Despotism Abu Hureyra site Abusir site Abydos site Academic controversies see also Scientific controversies Academic freedom Academic publishing see Scholarly publishing Academic status Academic writing Academics Acadians (Louisiana) see Cajuns Accents and accentuation Accidents see also Traffic accidents Acclimatisation Accra Accreditation Acculturation see also Assimilation Acetylcholine receptors Achaemenid dynasty (559-330 BC) Achaemenid empire Ache see Guayaki Acheulian culture Achik see Garo Achinese language Achuar Achumawi Acidification Acquiescence Acquired immune deficiency syndrome see AIDS Acronyms Action theory Acupuncture Adam and Eve Adamawa emirate Adapidae see also Notharctus Adaptation Adat Adena culture Adhesives Adipocere Adisaiva see Adisaivar Adisaivar Adivasi Adjectives Adjustment (psychology) Administration see also Government, Management, etc.

75. Bibliot'EthnoNe - Catalogages Novembre 2002 Translate this page art and initiation among chokwe and related hunter-gatherer debates, and Siberianpeoples / Peter P revival, and the politics of indigenous protest / David S http://www.unine.ch/ethno/nouvac/na02_12.html

Institut d'ethnologie cotes Af AfE ... Ethnomusicologie Af Ayana , Daniel. - Anchoring democracy in indigenous African institutions / Daniel Ayana. - In: Asian and African studies. - Leiden. - 2002, vol. 1(1), p. 23-61 Berzock, Kathleen Bickford. - African art at the Art Institute of Chicago / Kathleen Bickford Berzock. - In: African arts. - Los Angeles. - 1999, vol. 32, no. 4, p. 18-35 Diamantis LaGamma , Alisa. - Art and oracle : spirit voices of Africa / Alisa LaGamma. - In: African arts. - Los Angeles. - 2000, vol. 33, no. 1, p. 52-69 Muller , Carol Ann. - Archiving africanness in sacred song / Carol A. Muller. - In: Ethnomusicology. - Champaign. - 2002, vol. 46, nr. 3, p. 409-431 Ethno : ETHNOMUSICOL * cote: NET MP 2/46-3 Postcolonial subjectivities in Africa / ed. by Richard Werbner. - London ; New York : Zed Books, 2002. - X, 244 p. ; 22 cm. - (Postcolonial encounters). - ISBN 1- 85649- 954- 5 (Hb). ISBN 1- 85649- 955- 3 (Pb) Spring , Christopher. - The Sainsbury African Galleries at the British Museum / Christopher Spring, Nigel Barley, Julie Hudson. - In: African arts. - Los Angeles. - 2001, vol. 34, no. 3, p. 18-37 Warin AfE Fallers , Lloyd A. - Law without precedent : legal ideas in action in the courts of colonial Busoga / Lloyd A. Fallers. - Chicago ; London : The University of Chicago Press, 1969. - VIII, 365 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. - ISBN 0- 226- 23681- 1

76. Bibliography On African Traditional Religion and Divinatory Roles among aLuund and chokwe, in Ethnicity in the study of Africanindigenous religion, Cahiers Ellis AB, The Yorubaspeaking peoples of the http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/atr_bibliography.htm

Updated: 17 October, 2002 Abbink J., "Ritual and Environment: The Mósit ceremony of the Ethiopian Me'en people," Journal of Religion in Africa , "Reading the entrails: analysis of an African divination discourse", Man Abimbola W., "The Place of African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Africa: The Yoruba Example" in Olupona, ed. Kingship, Religion and Rituals in a Nigerian community: a phenomenological study of Ondo Yoruba festivals . Stockholm,1991, 51-58. Abrahamsson H., The Origin of Death, Studies in African Mythology, Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia III, Uppsala, 1951. Acheampong S.O., "Reconstructing the structure of Akan traditional religion," Mission Ackah C. A., Akan Ethics. A Study of the Moral Ideasand the Moral Behaviour of the Akan Tribes of Ghana, Accra, 1988. Achebe Chinua, "Chi in Igbo Cosmology", in In Morning Yet on creation day, N.Y., 1975. Achebe Chinwe, The World of the Ogbanje, Enugu, 1986. Adagala K., "Mother Nature, Patriarchal Cosmology & Gender" in Gilbert E.M., ed. Nairobi: Masaki Publishers.1992, 47-65.

77. AAA Newsletter25 and Divinatory Roles among Luund and chokwe, in Ethnicity in of the history of Africanpeoples brought to on the following topics indigenous Knowledge Systems http://www.newsouthassoc.com/newsletter25.html

African-American Archaeology Newsletter of the African-American Archaeology Network Applied Archaeology and History Associates, 615 Fairglen Lane, Annapolis, MD 21401: ISBN 1060-0671 Number 25, Fall 1999 John P. McCarthy, Editor Message from the Editor I have several items to bring to your attention at this time: 2) Subscription Renewals ­ Far too many of you have not renewed your subscription for 1999. Not to put too fine a point on it, but the newsletter is in rather dire financial shape. Please check your label - if says "98" after your name, this is your last newsletter unless you pay your 1999 fee. I also encourage everyone to renew for 2000 as soon as possible ­ see the next item. 4) Compilation Volume - A bound compilation of issues 1-25 of A-A A is in production for a January roll-out. In addition to copies of the first 25 issues of the newsletter, the compilation will include several specially commissioned essays and an index to major articles. I anticipate that the volume will sell for approximately $25.00. Stay tuned for more details as this project develops. 5) Contributions - We are always looking for substantive contributions to A-A A. Please consider the newsletter as your direct pipeline to the community of scholars with whom you most want to share the results of your work, "float trial balloons," etc.

78. State Penetration And The Nkoya Experience In Western Zambia to, finally, Luvale, Luchazi and chokwe people, mainly hands of the Barotse indigenousadministration) was Southern Lunda and related peoples, London Oxford http://www.shikanda.net/ethnicity/state.htm

by Wim van Binsbergen State penetration and the Nkoya experience in western Zambia homepage © 1986-2002 Wim van Binsbergen 1. Introduction [insert diagram 1 about here] 2. State and local community in Central Western Zambia in the early 1970s The district was virtually inaccessible for modern means of transport until, in the 1930s, the Mankoya-Mumbwa all-weather road was built, then reducing the effective distanced to Lusaka (the new colonial capital) to only two or three days or driving. Meanwhile, as an indication of more comprehensive changes, this travelling time has been reduced to scarcely so many hours. Since the early 1970s, an excellent tar road has connected the district capital, also called Kaoma, with Mongu (Western Province’s provincial capital), and with the national capital. In 1973, a proud sign at the Kaoma exit read: ‘Kaoma District — Granary of Western Province’. And it was true that in terms of cash-crop output the district compared favourably with the other parts of this province, one of the more stagnant provinces in Zambia. This relative agricultural success was largely due to the efforts of peasant and ‘middle’ farmers belonging to the newcomer ethnic groups; the Nkoya had, until then, shown less initiative in the way of modern agricultural production. In Nkoya villages away from the tar road, the modern state at the time appeared to be rather absent from the surface of rural life. State initiatives in the field of agricultural extension work were viewed with suspicion by the villagers, and met with hardly any positive response. UNIP

79. Minority Language And The State In Zambia And Botswana such languages as Luvale, Luchazi, chokwe and Mbundu Incapsulated within the Loziindigenous administration (which branch of the SothoTswana peoples they are http://www.shikanda.net/ethnicity/minority.htm

by Wim van Binsbergen Minority language and the state in two African situations The Nkoya of Zambia and the Kalange of Botswana homepage © 1994-2002 Wim van Binsbergen 1. Introduction heuristic value in that it highlights some of the crucial variables informing the interplay between language, ethnicity, the state and development, even though, of course, a two-case comparison can never in itself yield viable generalizations. The comparative empirical data concerning the two languages, and the ethnic groups of the same name which focus on these languages, are compiled in a elaborate matrix ( Appendix ). It has the disadvantage of being unreadable but the advantage of accommodating more information than could be presented in a short article. Against this descriptive background, I may be forgiven if my discursive argument turns out to be somewhat selective. My argument is set, implicitly, against the background of studies of ethnicisation and inter-ethnic relations in Zambia and Botswana. While the relevant literature on Zambia is considerable (including classic studies in this field by Mitchell and Epstein), the multi-ethnic dimension of contemporary Botswana society has been very much ignored by scholarship. Researchers have themselves internalized the image of a peaceful, ethnically and linguistically homogeneous, thoroughly Tswana country — an image propagated by the national elite under conditions of Tswana linguistic and cultural hegemony. The notable exception, of course, is a considerable attention for the plight of the Khoi-San (locally called Sarwa), under conditions of social humiliation and economic exploitation at the hands of the Tswana.

80. I Will Scatter Them, And Then I Will Gather Them: Deuteronomy 4:27; 28:64; 32:26 maladies to plague the darker peoples of the in their native tongue, to practice indigenousreligions or Hannibal Afrik, Imari Obadele, chokwe Lumumba, Johnita http://www.thelawkeepers.org/replet0105.htm

I will scatter them, and then I will gather them: Deuteronomy 4:27; 28:64; 32:26; Isaiah 11:12; Jeremiah 23:8 / Read about the African Slave Trade in Deuteronomy 28 th Chapter. REPARATIONS NOW IN OUR LIFETIME! N E W S L E T T E R .#18 JULY “Take direct action against the U.S. government!” Dr. Robert Brock GIVE POWER AND MEANING TO THE REPARATIONS MASS MOVEMENT GIVE OF YOURSELF! Note from the REPNOW Newsletter Editor: No one would have guessed that the Reparations Movement would have progressed so swiftly and effectively as it has these past eighteen months. And thanks are due to the efforts of the activists, organizations, and even individuals with solid commitments to end the suppression, degradation, and affliction of Black Humanity all over this World. All of you who are making the effort to keep the focus on Reparations for Descendants of Slaves, Black empowerment, Self Determination, and true freedom to pursue happiness, please know that YOU ARE GREATLY APPRECIATED. Stay strong and courageous, as these are virtues much needed in fighting this battle for the long awaited justice that has eluded us for far too long. The sooner we acquire Reparations is the sooner we can begin to mend from being subjects of White dominated societies that purposely sustain inequalities and unfair rule over Black Peoples.

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