21. The Borana People Of Kenya ArsiGuji, after the three major peoples who speak Yet an indigenous church existsand probably with 25 Christian missionaries targeting the borana, and some http://www.geocities.com/orvillejenkins/profiles/borana.html

Profiles Menu Orville Jenkins Home People Profile The Borana of Ethiopia and Kenya Religion : Islam and Local Tradition Population : 4 million (most in Ethiopia, about 90,000 in Kenya) NARRATIVE PROFILE Location : The Borana are part of a very much larger group of about 4 to 5 million persons of whom approximately 90,000 live in north central Kenya with the balance in Ethiopia. They are related to the Oromo in Somalia also. They live in a large area of barren northern Kenya. About 44% of the Kenya Borana live in Marsabit District, into Tana River District, Garissa District and in Moyale District. The heaviest concentration live in the Sololo area of Marsabit District and in Moyale District. Those in Isiolo District are concentrated in Merti and Garba Tula. History: The Borana are one of the resulting groups of Oromo migrants who left the southern highlands of Ethiopia in the 1500's. Most of the Borana and related peoples live in Ethiopia. The Oromo had migrated east but were pushed back by the Somali leading to a greater southern expansion. There are almost 4 million Borana people, most living in Ethiopia. Identity: The word spelled Borana is pronounced with the final vowel silent. For this reason in many English sources the word is spelled

22. Africa A-F Constructed on a Sand Foundation (II) by Hamdesa Tuso Online West africa Review africa Recovery africa Resource africa the Horn of africa During the Post africa, resulting in their occupation by partitioning the region and the peoples http://www.fuller.edu/swm/abstracts/africa.html

BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" LINK="#00319C" ALINK="#5A8CD4" VLINK="#5A96BB"> SWM Home 30 Years of Mission Abstracts Africa Faculty Introduction How to use this volume Search Our Site Author: Addai, Joseph William Degree: Ph.D. ICS Title: Metaphors, Values, and Ethno-leadership: A Missiological Study with Implications for Christian Leaders in Ghana. (U.M. 9925349) 301 pp. Abstract This missiological research examines the problem of developing functional leadership in Ghana, Africa. The premise is that leadership values of any identifiable culture are reflected by their everyday metaphors, and than an understanding of those values is crucial to effective leadership in that context. Key Words African, Ashanti, Akan, biblical leadership, Ghana, Ghanaian, leader, leadership, culture context, world view, tradition, effective leadership, ethno-leadership, ethno-values, functional leadership, holistic leadership, leadership situations, African proverbs, symbols, stools, metaphor, assumptions, English influence, images Author: Adekeye, George Niyi

23. NEVER AGAIN! -- Report From Kenya groups who do not have an indigenous church of amongst three large Muslim groups the borana, Bajun and come together to reach the unreached peoples of Kenya http://www.ad2000.org/re71208.htm

NEVER AGAIN! Report from Kenya Finish the Task 2000 By Ross Campbell Dec 4, 1997 NEVER AGAIN! In reporting on the impact of the African National Initiatives Consultation in Nairobi early November, Dr Kabachia said, "When the Kenya delegation were confronted by lists of unreached peoples in Kenya, they determined that never again would a Kenyan delegation attend a global consultation to be embarrassed by such lists." He went on to say, "Before the next consultation in the year 2000, every people group in Kenya will be penetrated." Since GCOWE '97, the Kenya delegation of 80-plus leaders has moved decisively forward to give substance to their declaration. In a series of three one-day seminars, GCOWE delegates have met, discussed, decided and acted to implement an exciting plan to see a church established amongst every people group in Kenya by the year 2000. At the October seminar delegates endorsed the Steering Committee's choice of name for the initiative - 'Finish the Task 2000'. Dr Kabachia, chairman of the initiative, explains, "'Finish the Task 2000' is not a general statement, but a specific goal." He said, " There is no way that we can ever be sure that we have completed the job of preaching the gospel to everyone. When it seems that everyone has heard, there will always be someone coming to the age of accountability who will not have heard. What we are talking about are people groups who do not have an indigenous church of their own." In describing the operating style of the Kenya initiative Dr Kabachia explained that, from the outset, the aim has been to encourage wide and active participation by all. He said, "We want 'Finishing the Task 2000' to be idea-friendly and open to all." He went on to explain, "We want everyone to feel this is 'our' thing. Not an 'us' and 'them' thing."

24. Bibliography From Adaptive Strategies For Sustainable Livelihoods In Arid And Se Nomadic peoples 30 (1992) 4152. Using indigenous knowledge for sustainable drylandmanagement A global Coppock, DL The borana Plateau of southern Ethiopia http://www.iisd.org/casl/ASALProjectDetails/CASLASALBib.htm

CASL Home Page ASAL Project ASALs Description ... Significance Bibliography Bibliography from Adaptive Strategies for Sustainable Livelihoods in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Project General Andersen, David, ed. Conservation in Africa: People, policies and practices . Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge Press, 1989. Atta El Moula, M.E. "Migration: Causes and effects: The case of Omodiat Burush". GeoJournal 25.1, (September 1991): 47-50. Awori, A. and O. Odhiambo. Resource Journal for Sustainable Development in Africa Ayensu, Edward. "Africa." In Plant resources of arid and semi-arid lands: A global perspective , edited by Goodin J.R and D.K. Northington. London: Academic Press, Inc., 1985. Behnke, R.H. and I. Scoones . Rethinking range ecology: Implications for rangelands management in Africa . London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1991. Berhe, Costantinos. Human adaptation to marginal environments . IDS Working Paper, June 1990. Berkes, F., P. George and R.J. Preston. "Co-management. The evolution in theory and practice of the joint administration of living resources." Alternatives Beutel, F. K.

25. Traditional Music & Cultures Of Kenya - Kenya’s People thus be called Kenya's aboriginal or indigenous people (a peoples in Kenya includethe borana, Burji, Gabbra land, used and managed by entire peoples for their http://bluegecko.crosswinds.net/kenya/contexts/kenyapeople.htm

Contexts Kenya's People Mwana ti wa muciari umwe - A child does not belong to one parent Embu proverb Sections in this page The major ethno-linguistic groups The Hunter-gatherers The Cushites The Nilotes ... A note about the word 'tribe' (please read this if you're uncomfortable with the term) Related pages Kenya's People: Bantu Kenya's People: Cushites Kenya's People: Nilotes Contexts: History ... Bibliography Related webpages Indigenous Peoples In Kenya - An Overview , by Dr. Naomi Kipuri. An intelligent and perspective view of the problematic concept of 'indigenous' in Kenya, with particular reference to nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples. Controversies concerning classification . The Encyclopedia Britannica's full frontal on the academic classification of East African peoples into ethno-linguistic groups. The Major Ethno-linguistic Groups Although little is known of the prehistory of the peoples currently inhabiting Kenya, it is believed that the land has been more or less continuously inhabited since the birth of mankind, something like 4.5 million years ago, as the numerous fossil finds around the edges of Lake Turkana, up in the far north of the country, elegantly testify. These discoveries of early hominids have earned Lake Turkana the sobriquet, 'The Cradle of Mankind', although still older finds were subsequently made in Ethiopia, to the north. Of Kenya's present-day tribes (the number depends on how you count them; 42 were named in the 1989 census, and one source mentions 45 distinct languages as opposed to dialects), some have been there for over a thousand years, perhaps much more; while others only arrived fifty years ago. Their size varies greatly: some number barely a few hundred people and are on the brink of extinction, whilst others number several million, and constitute the country's economic and political elite. Each have their own languages as well as numerous dialects, and traditionally also had their own religions, customs, rituals and ways of life, many of which have been broken down by the modernization which swept through the twentieth-century.

26. Arid Land And The Role Of Pastoral Nomads consider the subregion and the nomadic peoples as a production by using a propermix of indigenous knowledge and of alcohol (in the case of borana), and Khat http://www.eiipd.org/publications/occasional papers/arid_land.htm

Arid Land and the Role of Pastoral Nomads in the Economic and Political Integration of the Horn of Africa with Particular Reference to Ethiopia By Dr. Fecadu Gadamu Table of Contents Introduction Size and Component of Arid Land and Population in Ethiopia Land Tenure System Empowerment ... Publications Received by EIIPD Introduction Arid land is a large component of the land resources of the Horn of Africa and this is used by pastoral nomadic peoples. Our main concern is both for the viability of the peoples and sustainability of the environment. There are a number of factors which compel us to consider the sub-region and the nomadic peoples as a unit and the fact that the solutions to their problems are interdependent. However, this paper is primarily concerned with the way in which national perception, political systems, and developmental policies are influential factors in the sustainable use of arid land by pastoralists in Ethiopia as a point of departure. Size and Component of Arid Land and Population in Ethiopia Arid and semi-arid land is a large component of Ethiopia. To give a precise number of Ethiopia and Eritrea, arid and semi-arid land constituted 61%.

27. Going Places - Experts In Tours And Travel In Kenya And East peoples of Kenya The four main human categories today include the Somali, Rendille,borana and Burji Early Visitors Beside the indigenous African Societies who http://www.goingplaces.co.ke/sub/kenya.htm

28. Oromia Online - Oromia And The Oromo People and evidences that Oromo are indigenous to this given to them by neighbouring peoples,particularly Amhara of the person Oromo represented by borana and Barentu http://www.oromiaonline.com/OromiaBriefs/Oromo&Oromia.htm

Search this site for: Oromo Related Web Sites Sagalee Bilisummaa Oromoo Oromia Support Group (OSG) Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) Voice of America - Afaan Oromoo Other Links Sidama Liberation Front Sidama Concern Ogaden Online International News Stand BBC News Africa Daily Nation IRIN News VisAfric ... New York Times Oromia and the Oromo people The following summary information was adopted from the book by Gadaa Melbaa, Khartoum, Sudan 1988. Summary Information Overview The Oromo People Population ... References Summary Information People: Oromo Country: Oromia (also phonetically spelled as Oromiyaa) Area: 600,000 sq.km approx.

29. Untitled Conservation/MultiAgency Partnerships/indigenous Ecological Knowledge e) Preparationof materials on borana cattle production so many pastoral peoples in East http://www.odi.org.uk/staff/r_blench.html

Roger Blench Home Page Social and Economic Aspects of Environment and Rural Development General Background Curriculum Vitae Publications Reports and unpublished material Contact Details: Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London, SE1 7JD United Kingdom Tel +44 (0)20 7922 0313 Fax +44 (0)20 7922 0399 Home: Voice/Answerphone/Fax: E-mail r.blench@odi.org.uk Non-ODI webpage: http://www.cispal.fsnet.co.uk/Personal%20Website.htm Last updated: 15 May 2001 General Background Full Name: Roger Marsh Blench Date of Birth: 1st August, 1953 Academic Titles: M.A., Ph.D (University of Cambridge) Present Occupation: Research Fellow, Overseas Development Institute From completing my doctoral thesis in 1984 until mid-1996 I was a self-employed consultant specialising in socio-economic aspects of pastoralism, the environment and rural development in Africa and Asia. I have worked with a variety of international agencies including the World Bank, FAO, IFAD, UNDP, ILCA, OXFAM and private consultancies. I have extensive experience of editing and preparing summaries and training materials as well as making presentations. I am presently a Research Fellow of the Rural Policy and Environment Group at the Overseas Development Institute. Current areas of interest include; a) Natural resource conflict b) Ethnoscience and the domestication of the wild in Sub-Saharan Africa c) Biodiversity policy d) Climatic issues (especially drought) in relation to policy

30. Untitled of the Eastern Angolan peoples discovered higher in Ancient Egypt, among the borana(Ethiopia), Dogon In some countries there are indigenous cultural groups as http://web.nmsu.edu/~pscott/isgem51.htm

Vo1ume 5 Number 1, December 1989 ISGEm Advisory Board Gloria Gilmer, President Math-Tech, Inc. 9155 North 70th Street Milwaukee, WI 53223 USA David Davison, Second Vice President Eastern Montana University 1500 N. 30th Street Billings, MT 49101-0298 USA Claudia Zaslavsky, Secretary 45 Fairview Avenue, #13-I New York, NY 10040 USA Patrick (Rick) Scott, Editor College of Education University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA Sau-Lin Tsang, Member-at-Large Southwest Center for Educational Equity 310 Eighth Street, #305-A Oakland, CA 94607 USA Ubiratan D'Ambrosio, First Vice President Pro-Rector de Desenvolvimiento Univ. Universidade Estadual de Campinas Caixa Postal 6063 13081 Campinas, SP BRASIL Luis Ortiz-Franco, Third Vice President Department of Mathematics Chapman College Orange, CA 92666 USA Anna Grosgalvis, Treasurer Milwaukee Public Schools 3830 N. Humboldt Blvd. Milwaukee, WI 53212 USA Elisa Bonilla, Assistant Editor Centro de Investigacion del IPN Apartado Postal 14-740 Mexico, D.F., C.P. 07000 MEXICO3 ISGEm News ISGEm will hold a business meeting on Thursday, April 19, from 4:00 - 6:00 PM at the Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. All interested parties are invited to attend. There will also be a discussion of plans for participation at the Seventh International Congress on Mathematics Education (1CME-7). Contact Gloria Gilmer at the above address if you desire more information.

31. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #10 (05/25/1993) Ethnomathematics recent discoveries about indigenous African mathematics Tchokweand neighbouring peoples in Angola Fang, Mbochi (Congo), borana (Ethiopia) and http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_10.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-10 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) TABLE OF CONTENTS NEWSLETTER #10 Objectives of AMUCHMA Meetings Current research interests Bibliography on Astronomy in Africa south of the Sahara ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE 2. MEETINGS 2.1 First AMU Symposium on Mathematics Education in Africa for the 21st Century William Ebeid, Chairman of the AMU Commission on Mathematics Education, presented at the First AMU Symposium on Mathematics Education in Africa for the 21st Century (Cairo, Egypt, 5-10 September, 1992) a paper entitled "Research in Mathematics Education in Egypt". He gave an overview on the 240 theses (171 M.Ed. and 69 Ph.D.) in Mathematics Education defended at Egyptian universities in the period 1954-1990. 2.2 Seminar "Mathematics, Philosophy, and Education" Salimata Doumbia (Côte d'Ivoire) and Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) conducted a workshop on 'Ethnomathematics / Mathematics in the African Cultural Environment' at the international seminar "Mathematics, Philosophy, and Education" (Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire, 25-29 January, 1993). In one of the plenary sessions of the same seminar, Gerdes presented a paper entitled 'Ethnomathematics as a new research area in Africa'. 2.3 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

32. Références and water control among the borana , Development and in dry lands past and present,indigenous and imposed of northern Kordofan, Sudan , Nomadic peoples 1058 http://www.fao.org/docrep/T6260F/t6260f0p.htm

33. REFERENCES and water control among the borana”, Development and dry lands past and present,indigenous and imposed of northern Kordofan, Sudan”, Nomadic peoples 1058 http://www.fao.org/docrep/t6260e/t6260e09.htm

34. Frontier Missions group among which there is no indigenous community of Central Asia, Turkic peoples,two countries, missionaries on Ethiopia, borana, Nomads, missionaries on site. http://www.bgcworld.org/cplantin/frontier1.htm

Posted: 9/25/2000 Homepage "It's About People and Eternity" Frontier Missions Unreached People Groups God's passion and ours In the Baptist General Conference, we're convinced that global evangelization is a deep passion in the heart and mind of God. We have a heritage of sharing in that passion, and Conference missionaries have been a part of taking the gospel to some of the world's least evangelized peoples. In 1990, we wanted to renew our commitment to work among unreached people groups and explore new strategies for ministry. We said we wanted to do our fair share in reaching the world's remaining 12,000 unreached people groups. Much was learned during the past decade, and we have continued to refine our list of people groups and strategies for reaching them. What's been accomplished since 1990? Work has begun among Muslims of Central Asia, Africa and France. In the Middle East, we're helping spread the gospel through literature and media. An important new church has been started in the Buddhist stronghold of Thailand. In Ethiopia, India, South America, Vietnam and the Philippines, we have identified other unreached people groups and initiated church planting efforts. Our greatest successes since 1990 have been in Asia, among Apatani, Ibanag, Waray and Thai people groups. What is an unreached people group?

35. Contemporary Food Systems In Brazil between 1900 and 1957 indigenous population declined from 1,000,000to 200,000. Seminomadic peoples moving between two borana pastoralists. http://anthro.fullerton.edu/sjohnson/anth315/Lecture 6 Outline.htm

Contemporary food systems How do people living in vastly different environments all solve the problem of meeting their daily energy needs? Subsistence strategies Hunting and gathering Lee chapter 6 Subsistence agriculture Pastoralism Subsistence agriculture as part of market economy Tukanoan Indians Northwest Amazonia Subsistence agriculturalists Swidden or shifting cultivation Cut trees, burn area, plant crops Soil is improved by ash Old agricultural system still used in tropics Tukanoan Indians cont. Supplement diet with hunting and fishing and collecting wild plants, insects, and crustaceans Species diversity is high in this environment Diet breadth is narrow Based on: Cassava (also known as manioc) Starchy root that requires substantial processing to make into bread Fish 80% of energy comes from cassava Equivalent to American eating 1 ½ to 2 pounds of bread per day (1 ½ to 2 loaves per day) Indigenous people of Amazonia Population has declined over last 500 years Social organization characterized as chiefdom Riverine areas supported the largest populations Chiefdoms collapse and severe depopulation 150 years after contact Decline in population In Brazil between 1900 and 1957 indigenous population declined from 1,000,000 to 200,000

36. The Constitution Of Kenya Review Commission region shall be occupied by the borana Randile and and Tribal peoples (2000.) TraditionalOccupations of indigenous and Tribal peoples Emerging Trends. http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/11d126.htm

The Commission The Review Process The Constitution: Past, Present and Amendments Civic Education on the Constitution ... Some of your Views THE CASE FOR THE RECOGNITION AND PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF KENYA’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES MEMORANDUM TO:CONSTITUTION OF KENYA REVIEW COMMISSION PRESENTED ON MONDAY 15TH JULY 2002, NAIROBI NOTE: This memorandum has been prepared and submitted to the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission by members of pastoralist and hunter-gatherer communities in Kenya. Pastoralists and hunter-gatherers (PHG) have identified themselves as indigenous peoples owing to their culture, relationship and spiritual attachment to their ancestral and traditional territories, in Kenya, and seek to have the new Kenyan Constitution recognize them as such. THE PROPOSALS AT A GLANCE 1. There shall be a constitutional Commission to address historical injustices. 2. This Constitution shall obligate the State to recognize the rights of indigenous peoples as stipulated by various international instruments and standards, specifically, ILO Convention 169, the United Nations Declaration on Persons belonging to Ethnic Minorities, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, amongst others, mentioned in this memorandum.

37. The Constitution Of Kenya Review Commission The Northwest region shall be occupied by the borana Randile and others. 6 ILO Conventionon indigenous And tribal peoples,1989 (No.169) A Manual (November http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/11d122.htm

The Commission The Review Process The Constitution: Past, Present and Amendments Civic Education on the Constitution ... Some of your Views A MEMORANDUM BY THE MAA PASTORALISTS COUNCIL TO THE CONSITUTION OF KENYA REVIEW COMMISSION 1. INTRODUCTORY BACKGROUND The current constitutional review process going on in Kenya signifies recognition by Kenyans that the present constitution is imperfect in not protecting the rights of various Kenyan communities and individuals. The MAA speaking communities in Kenya who include; Laikipia, of the Laikipia district Samburu of Samburu district, Ilchamus of Baringo district and Maasai of Kajiado, Narok and Transmara districts feel that the constitutional review process gives them the most appropriate moment to present their grievances against them that originate in the process of constitution; making in the past. It is our most sincere hope that this constitution review process allows for the renewal of the Kenyan nation state in a manner that makes it possible for all communities to feel protected by the recognition of their cultural identities as rights enshrined in the constitution. 1.1 Historical Injustices against the Maasai as a people.

38. Printer Friendly Press Release as Omotic and Nilotic respectively, are indigenous inhabitants just like the Oromoand other oppressed peoples in Ethiopia For example, in the borana region of http://www.oromoliberationfront.org/liberating_oromo_people_prn.html

Liberating the Oromo People for Stability and Development in the Horn of Africa This Material is distributed by the OLF Foreign relations Department P. O. Box 73247 Washington DC 20056 Table of Contents I. Objective of Brief II. Geocultural Settings of the Horn of Africa Geographic and Cultural Context Oromo People's Wider Outreach Oromia's Huge Resources III. The Political Landscape of Ethiopia Conquest and subjugation Under Absolute Monarchs Socialist Regimentation TPLF Succession to the Empire State IV. The Horn of Africa Destabilized to Perpetuate TPLF Domination TPLF Violence Deprives People Peace and Security Human Rights Violations as a Measure of Political Repression Poverty, Environmental Degradation, and Disease V. Economic Consequences of Policy of Domination Rampant Poverty: Policy of Domination and Stifled Development TPLF Oligarchy Promoted by International Financial Institutions VI. Prospect For Peace Promotion of Voluntary Union among Peoples The Role of the International Community VII. What Needs to Be Done

39. Oromia Briefs most probably rates second among the african indigenous languages. Their (BoranaOromo) noted of africa that even influenced the lives of other peoples. http://www.oromoliberationfront.org/Oromia Briefs.htm

SBO/ Radio Liberating the Oromo People for Stability and Development in the Horn of Africa Oromia Brief Location Horn of Africa; in what is today Ethiopia. Oromia is approximately located between 3 degree and 15 degree N latitude and 33 degree and 40 degree longitude. Size Population 28 million; 3rd. largest nationality in Africa; single largest nationality in East Africa. Religion Waaqa, Islam, Christian. Resources Breadbasket of the Horn of Africa -cereals including wheat, barley, sorghum, maize, tafi; exports includes coffee, oil seeds, hides and skins; it has the largest livestock holding in Africa; forestry - houses all the forest and wildlife reserves of the Horn including unique species like Nyala-lbex, Colobus monkey and the red fox. minerals - two of three mineral belts of the region including gold, silver, platinum, uranium, marble, Nickel, and natural gas. History Political Objective The fundamental political objective of the Oromo people is to exercise their inalienable right to national self determination to liberate themselves from a century of oppression and exploitation, and to form, where possible, a political union with other nations on the basis of equality, respect for mutual interests and the principle of voluntary associations.

40. People And Plants Online - The African Ethnobotany Network 1 - Review Of Ethnobo resources to huntergatherer peoples.All continue had obtained fuelwood from indigenousforest (Kanongo some ethnobotanical information on borana, Rendille and http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/peopleplants/regions/africa/aen1/review.htm

Main About Us Publications and Videos Regions and Themes ... Feedback Review of ethnobotanical literature from eastern and southern Africa (A.B. Cunningham) 1. Introduction As ethnobotanical research is at the interface between disciplines, it poses an interesting problem in terms of literature review. Significant contributions are made to this field of study by anthropologists, archaeologists, architects, chemists, linguists and naturalists as well as botanists. Ethnobotanical research in East and southern Africa could be divided into five main themes in roughly historical order: (i) a focus, for more than a century, on recording vernacular names and uses; (ii) nutritional and chemical analyses of edible and medicinal wild plants species. These were compiled in Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk's classic (1962) book on East and southern African medicinal plants and by Fox and Norwood-Young (1982) and Wehmeyer (1986) on edible plants for southern Africa and Fowden and Wolfe (1957), Imbamba's (1973), Miege and Miege (1979) and Kalenga Saka and Msonthi (1994) for East and south-central Africa; (iv) quantitiative studies on human impacts on plant resources, particularly those entering commercial trade, such as the impact of palm sap tapping (Cunningham, 1990a,b), the harvesting of aloe resins (Bond, 1983), craft materials (Cunningham and Milton, 1987; Cunningham, 1987, 1988b), traditional medicines (Cunningham, 1991, 1993), Phragmites australis reeds (Cunningham, 1985) and Cymbopogon thatching grass (Shackleton, 1990).

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