61. Chandra :: X-Ray Sources :: Black Holes An explanation of cosmic Xray sources, from black holes to galaxy clusters, aswell as a review of the history of X-ray astronomy, what X-rays are and how http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/blackholes.html

Black Holes Stellar -Black holes with a mass of about 5 - 100 suns formed at the end of very massive star's evolutionary cycle. Mid-mass -A newly discovered type of black hole that has a mass of 500 - 1,000's of suns. Supermassive -Black holes with a mass of a million or more suns located in the centers of galaxies. Chandra Images: Black Holes Black Holes CXC Home Search ... Web Awards [News by email: Chandra Digest [Contact us: cxcpub@cfa.harvard.edu Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Phone: 617.496.7941 Fax: 617.495.7356 Operated for NASA by SAO This site was developed with funding from NASA under Contract NAS8-39073. Revised: 10/30/02

62. Black Holes To Blackboards Despite assertions by some of a flat Earth, we really do live on a ball that's spinning through space. Here's a an exercise in visualizing our rotating planet. http://www.aspsky.org/mercury/mercury/9803/dahlman.html

Black Holes to Blackboards: Getting a Global Sense Mercury Magazine Archive of Past Issues Black Holes to Blackboards ... Editor LuAnn Dahlman Despite assertions by some of a flat Earth, we really do live on a ball that's spinning through space. Here's a an exercise in visualizing our rotating planet. The twilight zone is not just an old television series. It is a real place: the belt around Earth separating day from night. This globe-encircling band between light and dark is always present, creating morning or evening for whichever part of Earth is sliding under it. Most places on Earth pass through the twilight zone twice a day; the result is an enchanting hour at dawn and dusk of low sunlight and long shadows. That special quality of morning and evening light seen in the zone is produced by sunbeams that were headed toward Earth but just missed. Captured by our atmosphere and scattered by gases and particulates, these light rays are stripped of shorter wavelengths. High clouds catch the light, revealing its residual reddish hue and creating a continuous circle of majestic sunsets and promising sunrises around the globe. Steppin' into the twilight zone. While heading out for its rendezvous with Jupiter, a camera on NASA's Galileo spacecraft snapped this 1992 image of Earth and its Moon. The terminator, or line between night and day, is clearly visible on the two worlds. Image courtesy of NASA.

63. Chandra X-ray Observatory - Missing Page closest in content. Capable browsers will automatically be transportedthere in a few seconds. Thanks for visiting! black holes, http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/black_holes.html

Redirection The page you are looking for has been moved. We will re-direct you to the page closest in content. Capable browsers will automatically be transported there in a few seconds. Thanks for visiting! Black Holes CXC Home Search Help ... Web Awards [News by email: Chandra Digest [Contact us: cxcpub@cfa.harvard.edu Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Phone: 617.496.7941 Fax: 617.495.7356 Operated for NASA by SAO This site was developed with funding from NASA under Contract NAS8-39073.

64. Howstuffworks "How Black Holes Work" black holes suck material in FOREVER and may even hold galaxies together!Learn all about these gravitational monsters! How black holes Work. http://science.howstuffworks.com/black-hole.htm

ComputerStuff AutoStuff ElectronicsStuff ScienceStuff ... PeopleStuff Categories Earth Science Engineering Life Science Physical Science ... Gas Turbine Engines Sponsored By: Explore Stuff Big List of Articles Get the Newsletter Shop or Compare Prices Orbitz - Plan a Trip! ... Space How Black Holes Work by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D. What is a Black Hole? Types of Black Holes How We Detect Black Holes ... Shop or Compare Prices You may have heard someone say, "My desk has become a black hole!" You may have seen an astronomy program on television or read a magazine article on black holes. These exotic objects have captured our imagination ever since they were predicted by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity in 1915. Photo courtesy NASA/Space Telescope Science Institute (J. Gitlin, artist) Artist concept of the near vicinity of the black hole at the core of galaxy NGC 4261 What are black holes? Do they really exist? How can we find them? In this edition of HowStuffWorks , we will examine black holes and answer all of these questions! Next Page HSW Home Table of Contents: What is a Black Hole?

65. TRANSMITTING PARTICLE ENERGY IN A UNIFID UNIVERSE Explains the dynamic makeup of the universe, transmitting (conducting) electromagnetic energy (frequencies), gravity, black holes, the formation and future of the universe. http://unified-universe.com/

TRANSMITTING PARTICLE ENERGY IN A UNIFIED UNIVERSE by James R. Coppoletti THE DYNAMIC MAKEUP OF THE UNIVERSE TRANSMITTING ENERGY USING PARTICLES TRANSMITTING SOUND PARTICLE ENERGY TRANSMITTING ELECTRO-MAGNETIC PARTICLE ENERGY GRAVITY-BLACK HOLES THE FORMATION AND FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE THE DYNAMIC MAKEUP OF THE UNIVERSE There are two fundamentals: 1. ENVIRONMENTS OF PARTICLES 2. MOVEMENT These two fundamentals are necessary to create a process of transmitting various forms of energy, which are necessary for the infinite diversity of the Universe. Elemental particles are very diverse, and are thought of as the building blocks of the universe. They vary in mass (determined by their internal particle structure), and oscillate back and forth at various FREQUENCIES per second. There are a little over 100 of them ranging from Hydrogen, to the Lead or Uranium particle. Elemental particles are not solid, but made up of smaller particles. The mass and frequency is determined by the particle structure. It may be large to small, sparse to dense, and compressable to uncompressable. There may also be various combinations of these characteristics. Generally low mass low frequency particles (Hydrogen, Oxygen), are large, sparse, compressable structures. High mass high frequency particles (Lead, Uranium), are small, dense, uncompressable structures. The Hydrogen particle will gravitate to the outer layers of the atmosphere, while the Lead particle will gravitate toward the inner layers of the Earth, with the other elemental particles gravitating to their respective layers or positions, depending on their mass.

66. Casting New Light On Dark Stars Startling new astronomical research suggests black holes may produce far more power than scientists ever dreamed. Wired News http://www.wired.com/news/news/story/21711.html

67. Black Hole To learn more about black holes, see also black holes and Beyond. The set of smallGIF images used to create the blackhole inline animation is available. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/blackhole.html

Skip navigation and go to page content -Archive Interfaces- Argus: proposal info Astrobrowse: worldwide catalog search Browse: search HEASARC archives SkyMorph: search variable objects SkyView: virtual observatory CalDB: Calibration database Coord Converter Date Converter Energy Converter FITS: standard data format FITSIO: FITS subroutine library FTOOLS: general s/w for FITS files fV: FITS file editor nH: Column Density RPS proposal submission RXTE ASM weather map Time Converter TIPTOPbase: atomic data Viewing: possible obs times WebPIMMS: flux/cnt converter WebSpec: spectral sims X-ray Background Tool Xanadu: data analysis suite X-ray, Gamma-ray, EUV Source Finder xTime: RXTE time converter HEASARC Resources/Education -Resources/Education- Contact Info APOD: Astronomy Picture of the Day Ask an Astronomer Bibliography HEASARC Pict of the Week History of High-Energy Astronomy Images, Spectra, Light curves Imagine the Universe! Legacy Journal Meetings Resources Staff StarChild (K-8 EPO) Tour the site WebStars: gen. astronomy info/news What's New Search the HEASARC site: Black Hole It is now believed that at the center of each galaxy there is a super-massive black hole that is millions to billions of times heavier than our sun. The massive black hole captures nearby stars and drags them into a swirling accretion disk. A "torus" in the inner accretion shields the black hole in those systems that are viewed edge on (which is probably the case for our galactic center). In many of these systems (which are called AGN = active galactic nucleus), a jet is ejected perpendicular to the disk and is seen in the optical and radio wavebands. In the very central regions the disk becomes so hot (tens of millions of degrees) that the emission is in the X-ray and Gamma-ray bands. This animation shows an artist's impression of the view from an approaching spaceship. The HEASARC data archives contain many observations of these systems made with orbiting X-ray and Gamma-ray observatories.

68. Index Of /~cramer/RelViz/text/exhib1 An exhibition on relativistic computer dynamics used to present the theory of black holes. http://www.astro.ku.dk/~cramer/RelViz/text/exhib1

Index of /~cramer/RelViz/text/exhib1 Name Last modified Size Description ... Parent Directory 22-Sep-1999 08:23 - contents.pl 14-Jun-1996 23:34 1k exhib1.css 14-Jun-1996 23:34 1k exhib1.html 15-Jun-1996 01:41 4k images.aux 14-Jun-1996 23:34 1k images.log 14-Jun-1996 23:34 3k images.pl 14-Jun-1996 23:34 1k images.tex 14-Jun-1996 23:34 1k img1.gif 14-Jun-1996 23:34 1k img2.gif 14-Jun-1996 22:15 1k img3.gif 14-Jun-1996 22:15 1k img4.gif 14-Jun-1996 22:15 1k img5.gif 14-Jun-1996 23:07 1k img6.gif 14-Jun-1996 23:07 1k img7.gif 14-Jun-1996 23:07 1k img8.gif 14-Jun-1996 22:16 1k img9.old 14-Jun-1996 22:15 1k node1.html 14-Jun-1996 23:34 2k sections.pl 14-Jun-1996 23:34 1k test.gif 14-Jun-1996 23:23 1k Apache/1.3.9 Server at www.astro.ku.dk Port 80

69. The New History Of Black Holes: 'Co-evolution' Dramatically Alters Dark Reputati A new theory called coevolution holds that supermassive black holes and galaxiesco-evolved, each dependent on the other. black holes suffer a bad rap. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/blackhole_history_030128-1.html

SEARCH: Spacewatch: Backyard Astronomy advertisement The New History of Black Holes: 'Co-evolution' Dramatically Alters Dark Reputation By Robert Roy Britt Senior Science Writer posted: 07:00 am ET 28 January 2003 Black holes suffer a bad rap. Indicted by the press as gravity monsters, labeled highly secretive by astronomers, and long considered in theoretical circles as mere endpoints of cosmic evolution, these unseen objects are depicted as mysterious drains of destruction and death. So it may seem odd to reconsider them as indispensable forces of creation. Yet this is the bright new picture of black holes and their role in the evolution of the universe. Interviews with more than a half dozen experts presently involved in rewriting the slippery history of these elusive objects reveals black holes as galactic sculptors. In this revised view, which still contains some highly debated facts, fuzzy paragraphs and sketchy initial chapters, black holes are shown to be fundamental forces in the development and ultimate shapes of galaxies and the distribution of stars in them. The new history also shows that a black hole is almost surely a product of the galaxy in which it resides. Neither, it seems, does much without the other. The emerging theory has a nifty, Darwinist buzzword: co-evolution.

70. Access Disabled Pictures, diagrams, and explanations of black holes in an easy to understand format. Good site for someone doing research on black holes for a report or project. http://www.homestead.com/sciproj/

Web Site Disabled Access to this Web site has been disabled.

71. Pair Of Supermassive Black Holes Inhabit Same Galaxy, Destined To Collide A pair of gargantuan black holes found to inhabit the samegalaxy will eventually merge in a flurry of activity. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/merging_backhole_021119.html

SEARCH: Spacewatch: Backyard Astronomy advertisement Pair of Supermassive Black Holes Inhabit Same Galaxy, Destined to Collide By Robert Roy Britt Senior Science Writer posted: 12:15 pm ET 19 November 2002 A pair of gargantuan black holes have been found to inhabit the same galaxy and will eventually merge with a violence that will slingshot stars out of the galaxy’s center and unleash a torrent of radiation and gravitational energy. The discovery is the first proof that one galaxy can contain two supermassive black holes, astronomers said today at a NASA press conference. The work also adds to other theoretical suggestions that black holes can in fact merge Images The Chandra image of NGC 6240, a butterfly-shaped galaxy that is the product of the collision of two smaller galaxies, revealed that the central region of the galaxy (inset) contains not one, but two active giant black holes. An artist's conception shows a black hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas, and a large doughnut or torus of cooler gas and dust. The light blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited by X-rays from the hot gas disk. More Stories Black Hole Breakaway: Supernova Gives Birth to Cosmic Monster Study Supports Idea that Giant Black Holes Merge Cosmic Cannon: How an Exploding Star Could Fry Earth Closest Known Neutron Star Races Across Sky ... Wayward Black Hole Staggers Through Galaxy, Passes Nearby

72. Black Holes With Java black holes with Java. (However this is the radial coordinate commonly used fordescribing such black holes and the coordinate use as radius in the applet). http://www.astro.queensu.ca/~musgrave/cforce/blackhole.html

Black Holes with Java What's different about these two orbits? (Your browser is not Java aware) As the above Applet demonstrates gravity described by a Newtonian central force and the motion near a black hole described by Einstein's theory of general relativity differ qualitatively. The Newtonian orbits are closed and the orbits in Einstein's theory are not. Some of our confidence in Einstein's theory comes from direct observation of this effect in the orbit of Mercury (the effect is slight and observations over many years are required to measure it). The General Idea In general relativity the motion of a particle near a black hole is not given by a force equation. Einstein's theory describes the gravitational effect of mass as a curvature of the spacetime. The orbiting body moves with no outside forces acting on it in a "straight line" (or geodesic). However in a curved space a "straight line" is not straight but curved and the result is the orbit seen above. The curvature of the space also gives rise to a complication in interpreting the radius shown in the applet. In a black hole of the type modeled here a sphere with area 4 Pi R is not a distance R from the origin! (However this is the radial coordinate commonly used for describing such black holes and the coordinate use as "radius" in the applet). In a similar fashion the time used in the evolution of the orbit is the time experienced by an observer travelling with the orbiting body and not that of someone watching from afar.

73. Frequently Asked Questions About Black Holes Frequently Asked Questions About black holes. Compiled by black hole?Or, why do some stars end up as black holes but others don't? http://www.phys.vt.edu/~jhs/faq/blackholes.html

Frequently Asked Questions About Black Holes Compiled by Dr. John Simonetti of the Department of Physics at Virginia Tech Back to Frequently Asked Astronomy and Physics Questions What does the exclusion principle have to do with whether or not a star becomes a black hole? [Or,] why do some stars end up as black holes but others don't? PLM, 8th grade, Blacksburg Middle School, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. 1995 How is time changed in a black hole? PLM, 8th grade, Blacksburg Middle School, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. 1995 Does the E=mc^2 equation apply to a black hole? PLM, 8th grade, Blacksburg Middle School, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. 1995 If nothing goes [at] the speed of light except light how can a black hole also pull light into itself? PLM, 8th grade, Blacksburg Middle School, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. 1995 What is the best evidence for the existence of a black hole? Is it all really just a theory or is there real information that can't be explained any other way? PLM, 8th grade, Blacksburg Middle School, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. 1995 I've heard that a black hole 'belches' light and radiation whenever something falls into its event horizon. What does that mean and why does that happen?

74. Massive Black Holes From the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, this site hopes to answer questions about the possibility of massive Category Kids and Teens School Time black holes......Massive black holes are now thought to be located at the centers ofgalaxies found throughout the universe. These objects, millions http://arise.jpl.nasa.gov/arise/blackholes/blackholes.html

Massive black holes are now thought to be located at the centers of galaxies found throughout the universe. These objects, millions or billions of times more massive than the Sun, have gravity so strong that not even light can escape them. They are the "monsters" that power the most energetic objects known in the universe, and are the key targets of the proposed ARISE mission. ARISE would address a number of questions about massive black holes: Are massive black holes at the centers of all galaxies? How are they created and fueled? What do they do with their fuel? How massive are they? What is the physics of the accretion disk surrounding black holes? What are the extreme physical conditions they generate? How do black holes eject tremendous amounts of matter at nearly the speed of light in quasars, the most extreme and violent objects in the universe? Visit the Massive Black Holes Information Center The existence of black holes is predicted from Einstein's theory of general relativity, now more than 80 years old. But scientists didn't really believe such objects existed until the 1960s, when evidence began to accumulate that some old stars had collapsed to form small black holes just a few times more massive than our sun. During the 1960s, QUASARS were also discovered. They are found in the centers of galaxies billions of light years away, shining brilliantly from across the universe. Their enormous energy output can only be produced by huge (and hungry!) black holes. Such objects have the mass of a sizable galaxy crammed into a region no larger than our own solar system. Their density is so high that it's as if the entire mass of the Earth were shrunk down into a region less than an inch across.We can't "see" a black hole, since no light escapes from it. But we can take a radio "picture" of the region surrounding a black hole in a quasar, and even weigh the black holes in some galaxies. We do this using the technique of VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY (VLBI).

75. Sam's Pages Have Moved... A series of images and simulations of various phenomena associated with a black holeCategory Science Physics Relativity black holes Simulations......All good things must come to an end . Thus my pages have moved (well I guessthey didn't come to an end!). My new address is http//www.geekcomix.com/snh/. http://physics.arizona.edu/~hart/bh/

All good things must come to an end.... Thus my pages have moved (well... I guess they didn't come to an end!) My new address is http://www.geekcomix.com/snh/ If you are not redirected there within 5 seconds, please select the above link... Thx -Sam Hart, 2001

76. BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Black Holes On Collision Course For the first time two supermassive black holes have been seen at the heart of onegalaxy. Much to our surprise, we found that both were active black holes. . http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2493331.stm

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH You are in: Science/Nature News Front Page World UK ... Programmes SERVICES Daily E-mail News Ticker Mobile/PDAs Text Only ... Help EDITIONS Change to World Tuesday, 19 November, 2002, 18:03 GMT Black holes on collision course Two black holes shine brightly in X-rays By Dr David Whitehouse BBC News Online science editor For the first time scientists have seen two supermassive black holes existing together at the core of the same galaxy. The black holes are orbiting each other and will collide and merge to create an even larger black hole - resulting in a catastrophic event that will unleash intense radiation and gravitational waves. However, this will not happen for several hundred million years. The observations were made by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. They show the nucleus of an extraordinarily bright galaxy, known as NGC 6240, contains two giant black holes, both taking material from their surroundings. This discovery shows that massive black holes can grow through mergers in the centres of galaxies. Cosmic fingerprints "The breakthrough came with Chandra's ability to clearly distinguish the two nuclei, and measure the details of the X-radiation from each nucleus," says Guenther Hasinger, of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany.

77. Gothos: Jillian's Guide To Black Holes Introduction to the types, formation, and environment inside and outside of black holes.Category Kids and Teens School Time black holes......Gothos is a creative outlet for fantasy art and an educational site forblack holes and gravitational waves. Jillian's Guide to black holes. http://www.dragonweave.com/gothos/html/black_holes/

Jillian's Guide to Black Holes An informal introduction to black holes, those wacky astronomical oddities of extremity! Loosely affiliated with the slightly less well-known Jillian's Guide to Gravitational Waves How to create a black hole, using stars, matter from a split-second after the big bang, and other household items. Three classifications of black holes, a breakdown of their parts, and descriptions of what happens at varying distances from a black hole. Why black holes are most often seen with accretion disks, Hawking radiation, and how one can steal energy from a rotating black hole. The oddness of the singularity, explanation of tidal forces, the phenomena of blue shifting, and a brief description of white holes. Finding black holes by listening for x-rays, examining binaries, accrection disk redshift, quasars, and a table of a few suspected black holes. Web links, works citied, and bibliography for this site.

78. Black Holes Basic ideas and descriptions of what black holes are and if white holes exist.Category Science Physics Relativity black holes Education......black holes. Gabor Kunstatter Physics Department University of Winnipeg black holes;Einstein’s Gravity and black holes; Problems with Newton; What is Gravity? http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/users/gabor/black_holes/

Black Holes Gabor Kunstatter Physics Department University of Winnipeg Based on lectures given as part of the course "Foundations of Physics I", University of Winnipeg, 2002. Table of Contents Select a slide or start at the beginning Black Holes Einstein’s Gravity and Black Holes Problems with Newton ... “Quantum Gravity”-The Holy Grail of Theoretical Physics Back to Home Page Comments or Questions? Last update: 4/24/2002

79. Beyond The Event Horizon, BlackHols black holes With Angular Momentum. The Schwarzchild black hole, while fascinating,will probably never be found in nature. Do black holes Really Exist? http://www.astronomical.org/astbook/blkhole.html

Beyond the Event Horizon Robert W. Lindsay December 01, 1993 You may freely copy and/or distribute this material provided that it is not altered or distributed for profit Beyond the Event Horizon: An Introduction to Black Holes Imagine a world in which a beam of light rose into the sky only to fall back to the ground at your feet. Or, picture an infinite continuum of parallel universes, each inhabited by slightly different parallel twins of yourself.Visualize a place in which all the laws of physics, that combine to make our universe the place that it is, vanish into inscrutable infinities. Welcome to the world of one nature's most bizarre phenomena: the black hole. Figure 1: The Rubber Sheet Analogy of Gravity Shortly after the publication of the General Theory, physicists began to explore this strange new world. The theory is so very complex, and the mathematics so difficult, that even today, scientists have barely scratched the surface of this powerful theory. One of the very earliest solutions to the equations was developed by the German physicist, Karl Schwartzschild, in 1916. The Schwartzschild Black Hole Figure 2: Diagram of Schwarzchild Black Hole Assuming that we could find a volunteer to journey into a Schwarzchild black hole, what would he experience? Passing through the photon-sphere, he would be flooded with intense light. As our volunteer left the brightness, he would find himself in utter darkness. He would feel his velocity increase to unbelievable levels. Approaching the event horizon, our astronaut would be subjected to tidal forces of astronomical proportions. His feet would seem to weight uncounted trillions of tons more than his head. In a blinding instant, our poor volunteer would be disintegrated into atoms. He would then crash into the singularity, where his mortal remains would be summarily smashed out of existence (4).

80. Black Holes A one hour lecture given to senior liberal arts students on the concepts surrounding black holesCategory Science Physics Relativity black holes Education......black holes. Click here to go to the JPU200Y home page. Click here togo to the Physics Virtual Bookshelf. Another Approach to black holes. http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/BlackHoles/BlackHoles.ht

Black Holes Click here to go to the JPU200Y home page. Click here to go to the Physics Virtual Bookshelf Click here to go to the UPSCALE home page. Introduction: "A luminous star, of the same density as the Earth, and whose diameter should be two hundred and fifty times larger than that of the Sun, would not, in consequence of its attraction, allow any of its rays to arrive at us; it is therefore possible that the largest luminous bodies in the universe may, through this cause, be invisible." Pierre Laplace, The System of the World , Book 5, Chapter VI (1798). Evolution of Stars Clouds of Hydrogen begin condensing into more dense clusters due to gravitation. Eventually the density gets high enough that the Hydrogen begins fusing into Helium. This fusion releases energy, mostly in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Our sun is currently in this phase. Note that the gravitational attraction of the matter of the star is trying to make it smaller; this is balanced by the radiation pressure that is trying to push the matter outward making the star bigger. In class we showed a photograph of a birthplace of stars; the URL is http://www.seds.org/hst/M16WF2.html

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