21. MARIET HOFSTEE Nuclear astrophysics; stellar nucleosynthesis; explosive hydrogen burning experimentswith radioactive study of nuclear processes in stars and the big bang. http://www.mines.edu/Academic/physics/people/pages/hofstee.html

MARIET A. HOFSTEE Mariet A. Hofstee Assistant Professor Meyer Hall Rm. 334 Phone: (303) 273 3917 email: mhofstee@mines.edu Schedule (including links to classes) Personal Home Page Assistant Professor of Physics. PhD Groningen University, The Netherlands. Research Interests Nuclear Astro-physics; stellar nucleosynthesis; explosive hydrogen burning experiments with radioactive ion-beams. Astronomy was one of my earliest interests; since school I have been involved in amateur astronomy. As a student in physics at the University of Groningen I was able to pursue my interests in both astronomy and physics. I ended up doing my masters and doctorate at the nuclear physics institute in Groningen (KVI), but remained interested in astronomy. My dissertation, a little pink booklet with a model of nuclear scattering featuring a cat and bids in a tree, was titled 'Inelastic Scattering to 1hw Nuclear Excitations. After obtaining my Ph.D., I managed to combine my training in nuclear physics and my interest in astronomy by entering the field of nuclear astrophysics; the study of nuclear processes in stars and the big bang. My educational philosophy in guiding graduate students is to encourage them to ask questions and seek to find out new information for themselves as much as possible; absorbing what is taught should be a secondary goal to this. I feel it is important for undergraduate students to investigate how things work, and how the physics they are learning is embedded in their everyday lives. For example, they should understand how atomic spectra underlie many light phenomena with which they are familiar.

22. Home Page Of Mariet A. Hofstee My areas of interest are Nuclear astrophysics; stellar nucleosynthesis; explosivehydrogen burning the study of nuclear processes in stars and the big bang. http://www.mines.edu/~mhofstee/

Personal Page of Mariet Hofstee Personal data Mariet A. Hofstee Assistant Professor Physics Department Meyer Hall Rm. 334 16th and Illinois Str. Golden, CO 80401-1887 Phone: (303) 273-3917, FAX: (303) 273 3919 email: mhofstee@Mines.edu Schedule 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics Talk for Preparing Future Faculty (3/11/99) ... Nucleosynthesis Teaching A solid education in physics is the best conceivable preparation for the lifetime of rapid technological change that our young people face.", David Goldstein, CALTECH in APS News June 2000. Teaching Feedback Form. PHGN100 Mechanics (Fall 2002) CSM101 Freshman Success Seminar (Fall 2002) EPICS151 Engineering Practices Introductory Course Sequence (Fall 2002) PHGN300 Modern Physics (Summer 2002) PHGN324 Intro Astronomy (Spring 2003) PHGN384 Fieldsession computer section ) (Field 2002) PHGN402 Great Physicists (Spring 99) PHGN422 Nuclear Physics (Spring 2003) PHGN424 Astronomy and Astrophysics (Fall 99) PHGN471/472 Senior Design (Fall 99/Spring 2000) We have an Astronomy Club , come join us. Finally, I am currently the web-slave for the

23. HST10X, The Installation Mission Keywords Space Science, Origins of Life, big bang, Earthlike Planets, Astronomy,astro-physics, Astro-Biology, Hubble Space Telescope, HST10X, Hubble Space http://www.pha.jhu.edu/groups/hst10x/spiemission/spiemission.html

HST10X, The Installation Mission a James H. Crocker, b The HST10X Study Team, c Donald A. Dufford a b See the Team Members List in the REFERENCES section c Johns Hopkins University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Baltimore, MD 21218 ABSTRACT The Space Sciences of Astronomy, Astro-Physics, and Astro-Biology could be advanced by ten years, perhaps more, if a faster, cheaper, better way than an entirely new spacecraft could be found to implement an 8-meter class observatory in space. Why 8 meters? Recent science results such as the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) and other observations from the very large ground-based observatories suggest that to achieve the two prominent Space-Science goals of establishing the era of initial galaxy formation, and imaging and spectroscopy of Earth-like planets requires at least two magnitudes deeper imaging and a factor of six better resolution than anything now in existence or planned for UV/Optical wavelengths. The UVOWG Final Report lists agonizing details of critical science objectives toward these goals, agonizing because we cannot achieve them from the ground even with the four 8-meter mirrors of the VLTI. An 8-meter class space telescope will provide about 2.5 magnitudes deeper imaging and a factor of 6.5 better spatial resolution than the best we have now, HST. This paper describes a feasibility study for augmenting HST with 8-meter class optics. The results are very interesting, and surprising. Keywords : Space Science, Origins of Life, Big Bang, Earth-like Planets, Astronomy, Astro-Physics, Astro-Biology, Hubble Space Telescope, HST10X, Hubble Space Telescope Optics Performance Enhancement.

24. Friends Of Scotland - Features - Education - What Caused The Ripple In The Micro it also marks the beginning of another exciting chapter for astrophysics as it inthe unimaginably hot microwave background, 100,000 years after the big bang? http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/education/astrophysics.html

4 April 2003 BST October 2002 What caused the ripple in the Microwave Background? The Microwave Background? 21st century muzak? Hardly. Rather, the state of the universe before any galaxies were formed. Over 14 billion years ago. And whereas astronomers may once have been seeking the ‘music of the spheres’ they’re now seeking its composition. With the help of infra-red telescope instruments made in Edinburgh. The retreat from light pollution Now when astronomers and astro-physicists want to gaze at the stars they have to go to mountain tops that meet an exacting brief. Not only do they have to be high enough to minimise light pollution and increase the chances of cloudless nights and dry air, they also have to be close to the ocean to benefit from the planet’s purest and most smoothly flowing air. Only school parties and guests at the Royal Observatory’s Visitor Centre stargaze from Blackford Hill these days, or rather, these nights. For the cutting-edge professors of Edinburgh University’s Institute for Astronomy who are based at Blackford Hill, real-time observation requires trips to those faraway mountain tops in places like Hawaii and Chile. But it’s no doubt pleasing to know that crucial high-tech components for many of the telescopes they use half way across the world were made in the labs of their neighbours at the

25. Coming Soon! video feed direct from our 14inch Celestron telescope on its astro-physics 1200GTO A lot has happened in the Universe since the big bang, and to the extent it http://www.starviewobservatory.com/

THE STARVIEW OBSERVATORY Greetings, and welcome to the Starview Observatory, nestled in the Sierra Foothills, high on a ridge, sporting 360° views of the surrounding canyons, mountains, and sugar pines, as well as 180° of life among the stars. We’re currently under construction, but soon you’ll see live video feed direct from our 14-inch Celestron telescope on its Astro-Physics 1200 GTO mount by night, and slices of the dramatic panorama and mountain setting which surrounds this country estate from the top of the dome by day. Rising from the third story of a private residence, the observatory features a professional set- up, scaled for personal use. Remote focusing, dome control, and video/ccd cameras enable the operation of the observatory from a computer controlled command center, with resulting video projected to the eight foot screen of the entertainment center, the plasma screen in the exercise room, or on the desktop via any computer in the world. Let Starview be your mapmaker of the stars. A lot has happened in the Universe since the Big Bang, and to the extent it’s visible in the eye of our telescope, we’ll be there. We’ll tour the star clusters, trace the constellations, float among the galaxies, and play in the gaseous nebulae, nurseries to young stars. We’ll grab a comet by its tail, weave through the asteroid belt on the way to Jupiter’s moons, and catch a ring as we carrousel around Saturn. We’ll seek directions from the nearest Starman, and stop in to visit with the good folks at the International Space Station. We’ll watch for cosmic phenomenon, like meteor showers, eclipses, and super novae. We’ll catch a falling satellite and put it in our pocket. On rainy days, we’ll paint starscapes, or stargaze on the latest from Hubble.

26. Links Imagens and other objects at optical wavelengths, using astrophysics refractors, medium ofthe Universe Planets, Stars, Comets, Black Holes, The big bang, Space Photos http://intermega.com.br/astroamador/linkimag.htm

27. Air Chair Review a selfprofessed cosmologist , talked for 45 minutes about why the big bang theoryis a reviewed in S T, a custom built pair of 125mm astro-physics ota's on http://www.rocklandastronomy.com/articles/stellafane2001.html

Stellafane 2001 by Mies Hora First Stop: SSP at Shady Pines I had work on deadline this year and couldn't attend during the week. Heard that Tuesday and Wednesday nights were decent and the overall weather was better than last year. The satellite showed part clouds, but I figured I'd swing by the site on Friday to look at the telescopes, if nothing else, and hear about the viewing I'd missed. Ultimately, after a so-so night of dewy seeing,a big black cloud front moved in around 1 am and almost all trundled off to bed, including me. A half hour later, I chanced a look outside and saw, lo and behold, an unbroken expanse of Milky Way! The dew miraculously disappeared, the sky became rock steady and a DARK mag 6.5. I and the 7 or 8 people still up then enjoyed some of the best viewing of the week. You know, all good things come to those who wait. Neatest telescope: I was fortunate to meet Steve Neal, who showed me his suitcase dob, an amazing home-built portable with a Meade 16" mirror. He flew all the way up from Florida with his 70-pounder to attend the SSP. Stellafane or Bust I've heard certain people complain that Stellafane is primitive... mud, dust, endless lines, poor parking, smelly Port-o-Sans and crowds, crowds, crowds. To be endured once but just once. I had never been there... should one even bother? My answer: if you are even remotely interested in enjoying telescopes, building them, or refining your commercial model, then get thee to Stellafane! Celebrating its 75th year, this grand-daddy of telescope making conventions/star parties was, for me, pure unadulterated astro fun.

28. Victor Conways Earth Changes Website - Ice, Polar Shift, Crustal Displacement, A spirit world, infinite, eternity, expansion, big bang, contraction, time Induction,resonance, cosmogony, micro physics, astrophysics, microcosm, macrocosm http://www.powerup.com.au/~vicon/

Welcome to Victor's Website. A lot more work has been completed. PLEASE REFRESH TO GET THE MOST RECENT INFORMATION ON EACH INDIVIDUAL FILE I HAVE MORE "A" ARTICLES IN THAT ARE NOT MENTIONED HERE. SO PLEASE IF YOU WISH CONTINUE ON THROUGH THE "A" NUMBERS UNTIL THERE IS NOTHING LEFT TO VIEW. FOR EXAMPLE, A42, A43, A44, A45, A46, A47, A48 ETC. INDEFINITELY. Information is now grouped by topic; Global Warming Information Climate Change Information Part 1 Climate Change Information Part 2 (miscellaneous subjects) Mirror Information The "A" Series Astronomy and Death, basically + Miscellaneous The "B" Series Miscellaneous The "C" Series Miscellaneous The "D" Series Miscellaneous (very important formulae data of mine in here). The "E" Series Astronomical Distances and Death + Miscellaneous The "F" Series

29. The Faculty Of Mathematics And The Natural Sciences research is carried out to understand the process from the big bang via the Particlephysics, nuclear physics and astrophysics combine in the study of the http://www.lu.se/lu/annrep/13_mathem.html

The Faculty of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences Despite a harsh economic situation, the Faculty of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences is defending a nationally and internationally prominent position. This can be measured in many ways, e.g. economically. In 1995/96, the faculty obtained external funding for research and postgraduate studies to the tune of 180 million crowns on an annual basis. A number of EU projects are located at the faculty. Three TMR networks are co-ordinated in Sweden, all of them from the Lund Chemistry Centre. Four themes are becoming increasingly stronger within the research of the faculty. These concern the environment, energy, pharmaceuticals and the structure of matter. These are often interrelated. Environmental research crosses traditional discipline boundaries and unites researchers in ecology, biology, geo-science, chemistry and physics. Research topics worth mentioning are biological diversity, water pollution, vegetation dynamics, genetic variation and reproduction, the development of life, processes which affect the ozone layer, cell proliferation, nerve regeneration, membrane transportation of macro-molecules and water, climate trends, land use, methods of clinical gene therapy and tumour treatment, amino-acid chains and first aid in accidents. Energy related research is particularly vigorous. Large projects involve forestry management, forestry dynamics and land quality, biophysical and biochemical aspects of natural and artificial photosynthesis and combustible organic molecules, effective catalysts to reduce energy requirements in industrial chemistry and polymers as light sources. All of these subjects are of central importance to our future energy supply.

30. Big Bang Theory Nuclear (Astro) Physics using Radioactive Beams for the understanding of nucleosynthesis in explosive astrophysical scenarios such as the big-bang and supernovae. http://www.stintercorp.com/physics/BigBang.html

Outline of Stephen Hawkings Universe Astro-Physics Class High School Universe Home Welcome to the Realm of Physics "The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead: his eyes are closed." Einstein The universe portrays itself by way of light, because light is so fundamental we can detect our universe's existence through its means of travel. Doppler Shift We may note a Doppler Shift of the light, when it is approaching has a wavelength that has shifted blue. When the light is receding it has a wavelength that shifted to red. Visible Light makes up a part of the electro-magnetic spectrum, the shorter the wavelength the more vibrant and the greater the wave frequency. Thus the blue visible light has a much higher frequency of light then does red. table The amount of shift tells us if stars or clusters of galaxies are moving towards us or away from us. This knowledge is obtained because we can figure out the elements that are within the stars. In fact the sun like all other stars create fusion reactions when the elements go from one element to another the their is energy released this energy corresponds e=mc2 not including momentum. The energy release will disperse energy corresponding to the type of sun. When we trace a star's spectra with that of elements being burnt the spectra lines may align. The burning process of elements is actually the energy output from the chemical. What we see are photons that jump off the atom as they go from a higher orbit to a lower orbit. This change in high energy to a lower energy state sends out photons to account for the loss in energy, due to the law of energy conservation.

31. ASTRO PHYSICS The Theory of Relativity made simple ASTRO PHYSICS. Could The big bang have ever happened? http://www.angelfire.com/hi/theroyofrelativity

ASTRO PHYSICS Sign My Guestbook View My Guestbook Could The Big Bang have ever happened? If everything in the universe came from one infinitely dense object then that object's gravity would have been inescapable. So if The Big Bang Theory is true then ordinary matter would have had to reach super luminal speeds. This problem, in Physics, is really simple I think, no light or heat should be able to reach us from the sun since space is a near perfect vacuum. This principal can also be applied in this way, Imagine that you had a clear glass sphere and in side that sphere was any object. Now if you could pump all the air out of your sphere you should not be able to see inside it to see your object. Another mystery of Quantum Physics is since quantum particles travel an infinite distance in space, and since astronomers believe that there exists an infinite amount of stars, then that means an infinite amount of light should be reaching our planet. It should never be night on our planet or any other planet. Quantum Leaps.

32. Big Bang The Shortest, Most Understandable Explanation Of The big bang I've Ever Seen! By PHILIPPE BRIEU GEORGE MUSSER From The Astronomical Society of the Pacific Newsletter When did time begin? Where did we come from? What is our destiny? of God, con firms big bang model" (a reference to like an explosion, it has been dubbed the big bang. http://members.aol.com/bemusabord/bigbang.html

33. How Would You Prove The Big-bang Was Not The Result Of A Big-crunch? Subject How would you prove the bigbang was not the result of a big-crunch? Date Fri Apr 6 093400 2001 Posted by Alistair Jackson Grade level teacher/prof School No school entered. City Swindon State/Province No state entered. http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/may2001/989367098.As.q.html

MadSci Network : Astronomy Subject: How would you prove the big-bang was not the result of a big-crunch? Date: Fri Apr 6 09:34:00 2001 Posted by Alistair Jackson Grade level: teacher/prof School: No school entered. City: Swindon State/Province: No state entered. Country: UK Area of science: Astronomy ID: 986564040.As Message: I am tempted to think that some of the current theories and puzzles of astro- physics could perhaps be sorted out if the expanding universe we can observe today is in fact the aftermath from a slightly imperfect big crunch. Scientists are reluctant to talk about what may have come before what they consider the beginning of time. I would like an answer that goes a little way beyond the usual "we don't know ..." and provides some real arguments. Personally I have no convictions either way, but you will have to consider the available theories and evidence carefully in order to answer the question properly. Re: How would you prove the big-bang was not the result of a big-crunch? Current Queue Current Queue for Astronomy Astronomy archives Try the links in the MadSci Library for more information on Astronomy MadSci Network

34. Astro Physics Option F discussed. F.4 The big bang model of the creation of the universe (3h). F.4.1 1 Describe Olber's paradox concerning the dark night sky. http://www.shep.net/resources/curricular/physics/IBPHYSICS/OPTION_F.html

Option F - Astrophysics CORE MATERIAL (SL + HL) A.S. Obj F.1 Measuring stellar radiation (5h) F.1.1. 1 Describe and classify the bodies comprising the universe. A glossary overview of galaxies, clusters (compare with Constellations), nebulae, red giants. white dwarves, neutron stars, black boles, Supernovae, pulsars, quasars should be introduced. F.1.2 1,3 Explain how parallax can be applied to determine the distance to nearby stars. The distance to stars as far away as 100 light years is specified in parsec. At large distances, the parallax angle becomes too small to measure. F.1.3 1 Define apparent and absolute magnitude in terms of absolute luminosity and distance. F.1.4 1 Describe the nature of black body radiation and its temperature and size dependence in terms of the Stefan-Boltzmann law. F.1.5 1,2 State and apply Wien's displacement law. F.1.6 1,2,3 Explain how atomic spectra can be used to deduce the chemical composition of stars. F.2 Types of stellar object (5 h) F.2.1 1.2,3 Use the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to classify stars.

35. Physics: Astrophysics for astrophysics calculations, such as nucleosynthesis, stellar evolution, the big bang, and supernova dynamics. http// www- astro. physics. uiowa. edu/~ lam/ research/ rings http://www.slider.com/Science/Physics/Astrophysics_2.htm

mp3 players Top Science Physics Astrophysics ... Rope Ladders Trellian WebPage Slider Search: The Web Encyclopaedia Shopping Index Help Encyclopaedia Astrophysics Page: Nuclear Astrophysics Data An area for providing nuclear data for astrophysics calculations, such as nucleosynthesis, stellar evolution, the Big Bang, and super-nova dynamics. http://t2.lanl.gov/data/astro/astro.html On the Formation of Planetary Rings Paper presented in 1996 by L. A. Molnar and D. E. Dunn. http://www-astro.physics.uiowa.edu/~lam/research/rings Physics 208 - Introduction to Astrophysics Course offered via The Electronic University, an educational outreach server at the University of Oregon. http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/astro.208.html Solar System - Celestial Mechanics Presents ideas about the rotation of the sun and planets. http://www.surf2000.de/user/f-heeke/index.html Space Physics Textbook A free online textbook on space physics. http://www.oulu.fi/~spaceweb/textbook Temporal Annex Information mostly on the fourth dimension and theoretical physics. http://temporal_science.tripod.com

36. Homepage Of Subir Sarkar Space/astro physics 197784 Forthcoming book. The big bang A Laboratory for ParticlePhysics (Cambridge University Press , to appear). Teaching. Undergraduate http://www-thphys.physics.ox.ac.uk/users/SubirSarkar/

Subir Sarkar's homepage Research Astroparticle Physics at Oxford Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Cosmic Rays, Gamma-rays, Neutrinos ... Dark Matter Papers on the Web Past year Astroparticle 1984 - Space/astro physics 1977-84 Forthcoming book The Big Bang: A Laboratory for Particle Physics (Cambridge University Press , to appear) Teaching Undergraduate: Special Relativity (Hilary term 1998-2002) Graduate: Physical Cosmology (Trinity term 1993-95) The Early Universe (Trinity term 1997-99) Supersymmetry (Trinity term 1996-2002) Students Past: Kevin Benson, Wadham, 1991-93 (now at Morgan Stanley, New York Jenni Adams, Magdalen, 1992-95 (now at University of Canterbury, Christ Church Michael Birkel, Linacre, 1994-97 (now at 12SNAP, Munich Sebastian Larsson, Christ Church, 1993-98 Fermin Viniegra , Worcester, 1997-2001 (now at University of Portsmouth) Mario Santos , Wadham, 1999-2002 (now at University of California, Davis Present: David Skinner , Linacre, 1999- Paul Hunt, St John's, 2000- Jack Liddle, Wadham, 2002-

37. HOME 1. to discover what happened in the very instant that the universe began, thevery first instant of the big bang. A. wwwastro.physics.ox.ac.uk/cmbnet/. http://astro.uchicago.edu/home/web/olinto/courses/A18200/kheupel.html

HOME Definition of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB): Relic radiation from the Big Bang. (Detailed all-sky map of the CMB as seen from WMAP) (Image from: http://sci.esa.int/content/doc/77/24695_.htm TIMELINE OF THE CMB visit http://aether.lbl.gov/www/science/CMBTimeLine.html Definitions: Back to Home CMB: Predicted then Discovered: (Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson and the radio receiver that detected the CMB.) (Image from: Back to Home A Biography of the Cosmic Microwave Background: http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest3.html h This is a pictorial representation of the development of the Universe) (Image from: http://theory.physics.unige.ch/~fiteo/cosmology/research/cmb.htm T (These are images taken from the COsmic Background Explorer (COBE). The first image is the isotropic map of the CMB. The second image shows the dipole, variation between the hot and cold spots, created by the motion of the solar system. The third image shows the anisotropies in the CMB. In the maps of the CMB, the line running through the middle is the Milky Way.) (Image from: http://aether.lbl.gov/www/projects/cobe/COBE_Home/DMR_Images.html

38. Nuclear (Astro-) Physics Using Radioactive Beams Nuclear (Astro) Physics using Radioactive Beams. the understanding of nucleosynthesisin explosive astrophysical scenarios such as the big-bang and supernovae. http://www.ph.ed.ac.uk/courseinfo/postgrad/html/node11.html

Next: Exotic Nuclei Up: Nuclear Physics Previous: Nuclear Physics Nuclear (Astro-) Physics using Radioactive Beams Area: Nuclear Physics Supervisor: Alan C Shotter, Derek Branford, Philip J Woods One of the most rapidly expanding fields of Nuclear Physics research involves the use of radioactive beams. The Edinburgh Group is currently performing experiments at the world's leading radioactive beam facility at Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium). The experiments are aimed at determining nuclear reaction cross-sections for the understanding of nucleosynthesis in explosive astrophysical scenarios such as the big-bang and supernovae. In such scenarios radioactive nuclei can fuse with protons or alpha-particles before b-decaying, thus altering the path of nucleosynthesis. Radioactive beams offer the only direct method to measure reaction rates for such processes. Future experiments are being planned to study the unknown decay mode of di-proton emission (the nuclear analogue of the Josephson effect), isospin effects in nuclear reactions and the extended wavefunctions of loosely bound nuclei. John Pullen Thu Mar 7 17:48:49 GMT 1996 For queries about this page contact: Webmaster Last updated on Thu Jul 3 15:51:53 BST 1997

39. Astro Physics The big bang. In the mid 1950's a new theory of how the universe formed emerged.The big bang theory says that the universe began with a great explosion. http://www.ancient-astronaut.com/astro.htm

Astrophysics A PSR Resource. Introduction to Astrophysics. Cosmic Hide and Seek: the Search for the Missing Mass by Chris Miller Scientists using different methods to determine the mass of galaxies have found a discrepancy that suggests ninety percent of the universe is matter in a form that cannot be seen. Some scientists think dark matter is in the form of massive objects, such as black holes, that hang out around galaxies unseen. Other scientists believe dark matter to be subatomic particles that rarely interact with ordinary matter. This paper is a review of current literature. I look at how scientists have determined the mass discrepancy, what they think dark matter is and how they are looking for it, and how dark matter fits into current theories about the origin and the fate of the universe. Mass and Weight. What exactly is mass? Most people would say that mass is what you weigh. But to scientists, mass and weight are different things. Mass is the measure of a quantity of matterhow much stuff there is. Weight, on the other hand, is the effect that gravity has on that stuff. Weight is dependent on massthe more mass you have, the more gravity pulls you down, and the more you weigh. When an astronaut floats in space, we say that the astronaut is weightless. But the astronaut still has a body, and so has mass.

40. Spanda Center For TER Astro Physics Astro Physics and Theory. Theorems and Postulates In Connective Energies. This isthe event referred to as the big bang. Inside the speck was all of space. http://members.aol.com/spandall/astro.html

Home Page Quantum Physics Biodiversity Biotelligence ... Link Frequencies Astro Physics and Theory Theorems and Postulates In Connective Energies Let us take a voyage through the history of the Universe as we currently believe it to have been. We begin our voyage at time equals zero. At that instant, from nothing, a tiny speck of infinitely hot light appeared and time began. This is the event referred to as the "Big Bang." Inside the speck was all of space. The fireball began to expand. In one trillion-trillionth of a second, the Universe grew a hundred million times bigger; its temperature dropped from near infinity to about 10,000 trillion trillion degrees. Electrons and positrons formed, immediately annihilated, and repeated this cycle over and over. In practically no time, a vast expansion of the size of the Universe took place and the temperature became such that real matter, particle and antiparticle pairs, could form and go their separate ways. The Universe entered into a period of frenetic matter creation which lasted about a second. When the frenzy was over, matter had won out over antimatter because a tiny imbalance in the decay of X-bosons favored matter. However, protons, neutrons, and electrons were only a minute constituent of the Universe at one second old. ref: universe.gsfc.nasa.gov

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