Geometry.Net - Basic_N: Nuclear Energy Fission

Sustainable Energy From Nuclear Fission Power
Thus, more than 600 ZJ of potential nuclear fission energy 1,500 times thecurrent total worldwide annual energy consumption - is readily available.
http://www.nae.edu/NAE/naehome.nsf/weblinks/MKEZ-5HUMJH?OpenDocument
Fission Engineering And Fuel Cycle | Nuclear Research @ MIT
is perhaps a more proven technology with respect to the oxide fuel, but the considerablefission products remaining nuclear energy in China and Southeast Asia.
http://web.mit.edu/ned/www/research/fissioneng&fuelcycle.html

Extractions: RESEARCH AREAS RELATED LINKS BACK TO: Browse by investigator and/or project: John Bernard Actinide Burning by Lead-Bismuth Cooled.... Andrew Kadak Enhanced Nonproliferation Fuel Cycles for Advanced Reactors ... Thorium-Based Fuel Cycles for Light Water Reactors One of the prominent research facilities in the Nuclear Engineering Department is the MIT Research Reactor (MITR). The MITR is a heavy-water reflected, light-water cooled and moderated research reactor that utilizes flat, plate-type fuel. It is part of the MIT Nuclear Reactor Laboratory, which is an interdepartmental laboratory that functions as a center of both education and research for many MIT departments, as well as local-area universities and hospitals. Our students pursue thesis topics that combine theoretical and experimental components, allowing them to experience the true breadth of the program and facility.
Physical Description Of LWR Fuel
(Click image for larger photo.) Courtesy of GE nuclear energy. 2. The Zircaloy claddingtube contains the gaseous fission products released from the fuel, and
http://cnwm.berkeley.edu/reports/RE94-0001/

Extractions: Per F. Peterson Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1730 CNWM Report RE94-0001, Rev. B (DRAFT) Key words: LWR, BWR, fuel Note: This is a draft report. Comments can be emailed to peterson@euler.berkeley.edu. This document provides a physical description and photographs of Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) fuel. In light water reactors, spent fuel consists of bundles fuel rods. Each fuel rod is a zircaloy tube, welded closed at both ends and containing ceramic fuel pellets. Fuel rods are then assembled into bundles, held together by upper and lower tie plates and fuel rod spacers. Most light water reactors (LWR) use ceramic pellets of uranium dioxide (UO2) as fuel. In some cases plutonium dioxide (PO2) may also be mixed with the UO2 to make mixed oxide fuel (MOX) pellets. Neutron absorbing species may also be mixed in at small concentrations to provide a burnable poison (gadolinium). Figure 1 shows typical fuel pellets for a boiling water reactor. Pressurized water reactor fuel pellets are quite similar, though smaller diameter.
Outline History Of Nuclear Energy
The science of atomic radiation, atomic change and nuclear fission was developedfrom From 1945 attention was given to harnessing this energy in a controlled
http://www.uic.com.au/nip50.htm

Extractions: February 2002 Uranium had been discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist, and named after the planet Uranus. Exploring the nature of the atom Ionising radiation was discovered by Wilhelm Rontgen in 1895, by passing an electric current through an evacuated glass tube and producing continuous X-rays. Then in 1896 Henri Becquerel found that pitchblende (an ore containing radium and uranium) caused a photographic plate to darken. He went on to demonstrate that this was due to beta radiation (electrons) and alpha particles (helium nuclei) being emitted. Villard found a third type of radiation from pitchblende: gamma rays, which were much the same as X-rays. Then in 1896 Pierre and Marie Curie gave the name 'radioactivity' to this phenomenon, and in 1898 isolated polonium and radium from the pitchblende. Radium was later used in medical treatment. In 1898 Samuel Prescott showed that radiation destroyed bacteria in food. In 1902 Ernest Rutherford showed that radioactivity as a spontaneous event emitting an alpha or beta particle from the nucleus created a different element. He went on to develop a fuller understanding of atoms and in 1919 he fired alpha particles from a radium source into nitrogen and found that nuclear rearrangement was occurring, with formation of oxygen. Niels Bohr was another scientist who advanced our understanding of the atom and its nucleus through to the 1940s.
Ecology.com - The Nuclear Energy Challenge
fusion process and hydrogen elements used in the sun and stars, the hydrogen bombyields thousands of times more energy than that provided by nuclear fission.
http://www.ecology.com/feature-stories/nuclear-energy-challenge/sidebar.htm

Extractions: Commission The atom, the smallest component of any element, contains enormous energy. When it is split a process called fission, this energy is released in the forms of tremendous heat and light. It is this energy that was released on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, by two separate atom bombs in 1945 that led to the conclusion of World War II. The horrors created by those two bombs led the international community to condemn further use of atomic weapons. Still, engineers, governments and scientists realized that if the atom's energy could be controlled and harnessed, it would revolutionize the world's energy markets and provide significant electricity reserves to help meet the world's energy demands. It was even envisioned that it could one day replace the need for fossil fuels. As a result, the first usable electricity from nuclear fission was produced at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory in 1951. A History In 1954, The Atomic Energy Act was passed to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Subsequently, in 1957, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was formed to promote peaceful use of nuclear energy and to provide international safeguards and an inspection system to ensure nuclear materials are not diverted from peaceful to military uses. It was later replaced by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Energy Research and Development Administration, the latter of which became the US Department of Energy in 1977.
Partitioning And Transmutation Of Minor Actinides And Fission Products
actinides and longlived fission products, known as the OMEGA-programme, the NEACommittee for Technical and Economic Studies on nuclear energy Development and
http://www.nea.fr/html/ndd/pntwelcome.html

Extractions: Web Links Partitioning and Transmutation of minor actinides and fission products Nuclear Energy Agency NDC ) was invited, in 1988 (see Another part of the project, carried out under the auspices of the Nuclear Science Committee ( NSC RWMC IAEA ) and the European Commission ( EC-DGXII ) on specific topics of interest to both agencies. Announcement and pre-registration for Seventh Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation
Nuclear Energy Agency - Accelerator-driven Systems (ADS) And Fast Reactors (FR)
phases in nuclear energy scenarios 2.8.1 Time constants in transient scenarios;2.8.2 Role of ADS in the shutdown phase. 2.9 fission product transmutation.
http://www.nea.fr/html/ndd/reports/2002/nea3109.html

Extractions: Web Links Accelerator-driven Systems (ADS) and Fast Reactors (FR) in Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycles The entire report (pdf format, 3.7 mb) can be downloaded in one file. Foreword (pdf format, 52 kb) Executive summary (pdf format, 133 kb) (pdf format, 139 kb) 1. Introduction (pdf format, 310 kb) 1.4 The ADS concept 1.5 Framework for the present study 2. Transmutation strategies (pdf format, 34 kb) 2.4 Reactor requirements in fully closed fuel cycles 2.4.1 Neutron balance of equilibrium core
Nuclear Energy
together. This is how the sun produces energy. In nuclear fission, energyis released when the nuclei of atoms are split apart. nuclear
http://lsa.colorado.edu/summarystreet/texts/nuclear.htm

Extractions: 1. What Is Nuclear Energy? Nuclear energy is energy that comes from the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are the particles that make up all objects in the universe. Atoms consist of neutrons, protons, and electrons. Nuclear energy is released from an atom through one of two processes: nuclear fusion or nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when the nuclei of atoms are combined or fused together. This is how the sun produces energy. In nuclear fission, energy is released when the nuclei of atoms are split apart. Nuclear fission is the only method currently used by nuclear plants to generate electricity. The fuel most widely used by nuclear power plants for fissioning is uranium. Uranium is the heaviest of the 92 naturally occurring elements and is classified as a metal. It is also one of the few elements that is easily fissioned. Uranium was formed when the earth was created and is found in rocks all over the world. Rocks that contain a lot of uranium are called uranium ore, or pitch-blende. Uranium, although abundant, is a nonrenewable energy source. Two forms (isotopes) of uranium are found in nature, uranium-235 and uranium-238. These numbers refer to the number of neutrons and protons in each atom.
Nuclear Energy: Nuclear Fusion
nuclear fusion, although it was known theoretically in the stars radiate their greatoutput of energy, was not are provided by the detonation of a fission bomb
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0860069.html

Extractions: Encyclopedia nuclear energy hydrogen bomb , such temperatures are provided by the detonation of a fission bomb. The energy released during fusion is even greater than that released during fission. Moreover, the fuel for fusion reactions, isotopes of hydrogen, is readily available in large amounts, and there is no release of radioactive byproducts. In stars ordinary hydrogen, whose nucleus consists of a single proton, is the fuel for the reaction and is fused to form helium through a complex cycle of reactions (see nucleosynthesis deuterium and tritium For sustained, controlled fusion reactions, a fission bomb obviously cannot be used to trigger the reaction. The difficulties of controlled fusion center on the containment of the nuclear fuel at the extremely high temperatures necessary for fusion for a time long enough to allow the reaction to take place. For deuterium-tritium fusion, this time is about 0.1 sec. At such temperatures the fuel is no longer in one of the ordinary states of matter but is instead a plasma laser beams aimed at tiny pellets of fusion fuel.
Oncor - KnowledgeCollege
of coal, or 19,200 cubic feet of natural gas. Each reactor holds 18,000,000 pellets.nuclear energy Landmarks 1938 the process of fission was discovered.
http://www.oncorgroup.com/community/education/knowledgecollege/energy_library/el

Extractions: The Process: From Atom to Outlet Nuclear energy is just one of the many forms of electrical power in the world. It has become a safe, economical, and environmentally healthy source of energy. Strict licensing policies and national regulations have eased the public's opinion of the value of nuclear energy as well. In order to understand the importance of nuclear energy and its role in providing the public with electrical power, the entire process - from atom to outlet - must be examined. Electricity from nuclear energy is made available from a nuclear reactor. A nuclear reactor is a complex machine designed to heat water, producing steam that runs a turbine that generates electricity. The heat for the water or steam comes from a process called fission in which atoms are split, specifically, uranium-235. The uranium nucleus, like any atomic nucleus, contains protons with a positive electric charge and neutrons that are electrically neutral. These positively charged neutrons provide the reaction for successful fission. The uranium is contained in small ceramic pellets, about the size of the end of a finger. These pellets are placed in zirconium tubes or rods. The rods are contained in a reactor. Neutrons bombard the uranium causing it to break down. Neutrons of uranium split apart, causing a chain reaction as they collide with other atoms of uranium, splitting off more neutrons. This chain reaction, fission, produces heat.
APS Office Of Public Affairs - Panel On Public Affairs -
2/27/97. II.2. nuclear fission energy*. David Bodansky Department of Physics,University of Washington Seattle, WA 981951560 bodansky@phys.washington.edu.
http://www.aps.org/public_affairs/popa/reports/popaii-2.html

Extractions: bodansky@phys.washington.edu Nuclear power now provides approximately one-fifth of U.S. electricity. The last nuclear power plant in the active construction pipeline, Watts Bar 1, went into operation in the spring of 1996. This has brought the total number of commercial reactors in the U.S. to 109, as of the end of 1996, with a total generating capacity of 100 gigawatts-electric (GWe). Watts Bar 1 probably marked the end of the first era of U.S. nuclear power plant construction; there are no active efforts to complete the several remaining plants that are nominally still under construction. There has been virtually no change in total U.S. nuclear capacity since the end of 1990, with four reactors shut down (total capacity of 2.3 GWe) and two new reactors put into commercial operation (total capacity of 2.3 GWe). Nonetheless, nuclear electricity generation has risen markedly in this period, from 66 gigawatt-years (GWyr) in 1990 to 77 GWyr in 1995, due to higher average capacity factors (see Figure 1). This gain follows intensive industry efforts to achieve greater operating reliability and shorter shutdowns for reactor maintenance. There has also been a reduction in the rate of reactor "scrams," indicating more reliable operation.
OECD Recent Publications - February 2002 - April 2002 - Nuclear Energy
2002 April 2002. nuclear energy. Call 1-800-456-6323 to order orsee instructions! fission Gas Behaviour in Water Reactor Fuels.
http://www.oecdwash.org/PUBS/BOOKS/RP022/rp022nuc.htm

Extractions: this subject OECD Recent Publications - February 2002 - April 2002 NUCLEAR ENERGY Call 1-800-456-6323 to order or see instructions During irradiation, nuclear fuel changes volume, primarily through swelling. This swelling is caused by the fission products and in particular by the volatile ones such as krypton and xenon, called fission gas. Fission gas behavior needs to be reliably predicted in order to make better use of nuclear fuel, a factor which can help to achieve the economic competitiveness required by today's markets. These proceedings communicate the results of an international seminar which reviewed recent progress in the field of fission gas behavior in light water reactor fuel and sought to improve the models used in computer codes predicting fission gas release. State-of-the-art knowledge is presented for both uranium-oxide and mixed-oxide fuels loaded in water reactors. 66 2002 02 1 P 1, 15-Mar-2002, 564 pages, ISBN 92-64-19715-X, $107.00
Nuclear Fission, Nuclear Fusion
Third, the problem of hazardous waste, which has been in part responsible for holdingback development of nuclear fission as an energy source, is expected to
http://www.fast-times.com/edge/nuclear.html

Extractions: Nuclear Fission, Nuclear Fusion Technologies For The New Millenium Forge Ahead As we approach the new millennium, the nuclear age is over half a century old. Nuclear energy, as everyone knows, has vast potential for destruction, through nuclear weapons, but it also has beneficial uses that could make it the great friend of humanity in the next century. Part of this positive potential is due to an entirely new technology, nuclear fusion, which is today one of the hottest research areas in physics. If successful, it could provide the world with an abundant, safe, and non-polluting new energy source in the next century. What is nuclear fusion? The process occurs continuously in the sun and the stars. At the core of the sun, at temperatures of 10-15 million degrees Celsius, hydrogen nuclei are fused together, a process that converts them to helium, a heavier element. This process produces the energy that sustains life on earth. Scientists have been trying for 40 years to harness the power of nuclear fusion on earth. The research has led to the development of plasma physics, an entirely new field of science. (Plasma is called the fourth state of matter, the other three being solids, liquids, and gases.) The most practical method for creating nuclear fusion has proved to be combining the nuclei of two forms of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium. This has great promise as an energy source for a number of reasons.
Deutsches Museum - Energy Technology
The energy of the nuclear binding forces can be used via nuclear fission or nuclearfusion. The exhibition area nuclear energy is thus subdivided into these
http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/energie/e_energ1.htm

Extractions: Energy Technology The energy of the nuclear binding forces can be used via nuclear fission or nuclear fusion . The exhibition area Nuclear Energy is thus subdivided into these two topics. After an introduction into the history of nuclear physics and the basic physical principles nuclear fusion is presented first. Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion means the combination of two separate atomic nuclei into a new one. Since the end of the 40s scientists have used different kinds of experimental set-ups in order to meet the fusion conditions. Today research concentrates on the fusion of the hydrogen isotopes deuterium (D) and tritium (T). The goal is building a fusion power plant for the production of electricity. Plasma Experiment One of the conditions for nuclear fusion are very high temperatures. At these temperatures the hydrogen atoms are ionized, resulting in a so-called plasma. The hot plasma is locked into a "magnetic cage" because it must be kept away from the fusion chamber walls. How this can be done is demonstrated in an experiment ASDEX-Upgrade model (Octant section of the plasma chamber) Original and model experimental set-ups show how the scale of the experiments has grown throughout the some 50 year old history of nuclear fusion. Next to the "Wendelstein IIa" apparatus of the 60s, a magnetic coil of the present experiment "Wendelstein-7 AS" is shown, as well as a working model of the ASDEX-Upgrade experiment (scale 1:1).
IAEA Bulletin 39/2 - Future Nuclear Energy Systems: Generating Electricity, Burn
electricity from nuclear fission and/or transmute the longlived radioactive wastes.In its simplest form, this accelerator-driven energy production concept
http://www.iaea.or.at/worldatom/Periodicals/Bulletin/Bull392/arkhipov.html

Extractions: Generating electricity, burning wastes Merging the technology of accelerators with reactors holds the promise of producing energy, and incinerating plutonium and radioactive wastes by Viktor Arkhipov One of the greatest challenges in the use of nuclear energy is the highly radioactive waste which is generated during power production. It must be dealt with safely and effectively. While technical solutions exist, including deep geological repositories, progress in the disposal of radioactive waste has been influenced, and in many cases delayed, by public perceptions about the safety of the technology. One of the primary reasons for this is the long life of many of the radioisotopes generated from fission, with half-lives on the order of 100,000 to a million years. Problems of perception could be reduced to an essential degree if there were a way to burn or destroy the most toxic long-lived radioactive wastes during the production of energy. A new technological option, or rather a viable development of earlier ideas, has been introduced recently. It merges accelerator and fission reactor technologies into a single system that has the potential to efficiently generate electricity from nuclear fission and/or transmute the long-lived radioactive wastes. In its simplest form, this accelerator-driven energy production concept uses neutrons produced by a high-energy proton beam to drive a blanket assembly containing fissionable fuel and radioactive wastes. The blanket assembly is like a reactor in that fission is the source of power. Unlike a conventional reactor, however, it is sub-critical and without the accelerator cannot sustain a chain-reaction. The fuel for this system could be uranium, plutonium, or thorium.
Energy Sector Data Electricity Natural Gas International Affairs
The splitting of an atomic nucleus resulting in the release of energy. fission energy.energy released through the fission of an atom. nuclear Chain Reaction.
http://www.energia.gob.mx/wb/distribuidor.jsp?seccion=915
The Energy Planet :: Nuclear Fission :: English
Home / Traditional energy / nuclear fission, nuclear Fusion (not fission) isthe quick and dangerous release of energy produced from joining atoms.
http://www.smartown.com/sp2000/energy_planet/en/trad/fission.html

Extractions: Credits Introduction Nuclear power is one of the most modern and dangerous forms of energy generation in use today. Since the discovery of atomic energy in the 1940s, it has been the cause of thousands of deaths, but has also been the subject of some of the most amazing discoveries in the 20th century. At one time, the amazing amount of energy that could be released from a small amount of fuel seemed to be the answer to all of our energy problems, but today, we are able to see the dangers in this kind of energy generation. Generation Of Electricity Nuclear Fission is the form of power generation used in power plants today. It is a slow and controlled release of energy generated by splitting atoms. Nuclear Fusion (not Fission) is the quick and dangerous release of energy produced from joining atoms. This is the destructive force that was used to kill thousands of Japanese civilians during World War II. The sun also uses fusion to release the energy we see as sunlight and feel as heat. Nuclear power is the most efficient form of energy production in use today. A tiny piece of Uranium about the size of a golf ball has the same amount of stored energy as 2,300,000 pounds of coal! Thats 19 ½ train cars of coal! This tremendous amount of energy is released from the Uranium in a nuclear reactor. The nuclear reactor is much like a furnace for Uranium. Within this reactor, an amazing reaction takes place which releases energy, some in the form of heat. The heat energy released is used to boil water. The boiled water is moved to a heat exchanger, which transfers the heat from the water which contacted the reactor to fresh water. The fresh water is converted to steam, and the steam turns a turbine.
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two or more neutrons that are no longer bound by the fission fragments called a chainreaction, which is accompanied by an enormous release of nuclear energy.
http://www.nuclearfiles.org/teach/sg/fission.html
BC Education - Physics Grade 11 - Nuclear Fission And Fusion
and fission reactions and supply examples; define chain reaction, critical mass,and moderator; discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear energy;
http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/irp/physics/11nufi.htm

Extractions: Recommended Learning Resources It is expected that students will demonstrate an understanding of the implications of using nuclear processes. It is expected that students will: Since nuclear reactors and weapons are a reality in today's world, it is important for students to understand their construction and operation and the ethics for their existence. Because nuclear fusion supplies the solar energy that supports life on Earth, a basic understanding of this process is also important. Ask students to bring in news items about nuclear energy and present the information to the class. Consider a variety of formats for presentations (e.g., posters, stations). Invite the local Member of Parliament to discuss with the class political issues involving nuclear energy.
The MSMS Nuclear Energy Resource
nuclear energy Links fission energy and Systems Safety Program nuclear MaterialsStorage nuclear Safety Guide Defense nuclear Facilities Safety Board Illinois
http://www.msms.k12.ms.us/classes/sc339/links.html

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