Geometry.Net - Basic_N: Norway Culture

Lapps
An analysis of an ethnolinguistic group inhabiting an area that extends from the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia over the northernmost part of Finland to the Arctic coast of norway, and through Scandinavia.
http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7856

Extractions: Society-LAPPS The Lapps are an ethnolinguistic group inhabiting an area that extends from the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia over the northernmost part of Finland to the Arctic coast of Norway, and through Scandinavia southward to the district of Roros in Norway and the northwestern corner of the province of Dalarna in Sweden. Altogether, this area is 120 to 180 miles wide and 930 miles long. The term Lapp is derived from the Finnish word, lappi, and was adopted by the Swedes in the thirteenth century. Although this term has been used internationally for 700 years, the people to whom it refers have never accepted this appellation, regarding it to be degrading. They call themselves samek (sg. sambe), and they are officially recognized in Norway as samer (sg. same). This latter term is gradually becoming more common in the literature. The Lappish language belongs to the Finno-Ugric subgroup of the Uralic language family, but there is no agreement as to its position in this family. It seems, however, to be closely related to Finnish. Because the Lapps are spread out over a wide geographical area, they have developed several dialects, which differ from each other to such an extent that communication between Lapps of different districts is often precluded. The three major dialect groups are the Eastern, the Northern, and the Southern, the largest of which is the Northern. It is difficult to give exact population figures because of the continuous assimilation of the Lapps. Language is the criterion used to determine Lapp population figures: if a person speaks Lappish, then that person is considered to be a Lapp. The total Lapp population in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia was estimated to be about 34,000 in 1945 (Indiana 1955: 13). Of these, 20,000 lived in Norway, 10,000 in Sweden, 2,500 in Finland, and 1,800 on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. More recent population figures are not available. Except in Russia, where the Lapp population has been decreasing, the number of Lapps has been increasing during the last 200 years. The Lapps may be divided into five regional and cultural types. These are: Coast Lapps, Forest Lapps, Mountain Lapps, River Lapps, and Skolt and Kola Lapps. These types are differentiated primarily on the basis of their subsistence economies, as described below. The economy of the Coast Lapps is based mainly on coastal marine fishing. They follow a seasonal migratory pattern, spending the winter near fjords and migrating in the spring and fall to rivers, where fish are plentiful. Coast Lapps are found mainly in the Norwegian provinces of Nordland, Troms, and Finnmark. Forest Lapps have an economy based on hunting and trapping with some fishing in rivers and lakes. They are partly nomadic, migrating according to the seasons. They are found in heavily forested areas, especially in Norbotten Province of Sweden and in other low-lying forest lands of northern Sweden and Finland. Mountain Lapps are the classic nomadic reindeer herders. Their area centers around the middle of the Scandinavian peninsula, in the central and northern parts of Norway and Sweden. Finland has very few Mountain Lapps. The River Lapps (also known as the Fisher Lapps) are settled Lapps in the inland districts of Finnmark (Norway) and northern Finland. Farming and cattle breeding are the main bases of the economy, supplemented by forestry, fishing, and reindeer breeding. Skolt and Kola Lapps live in the most easterly part of Lappland, in Norway, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula. They have been affected by Russian and Samoyed culture, especially Russian Orthodox Church missionaries. The economy is based on a mixture of forest and sea products. They are partly nomadic, living near various fishing places during the summer, but clustering together in large winter villages (cf. O'Leary and Steffens 1975: ix-x). It can be seen, contrary to the popular stereotyped idea of Lapps as nomadic reindeer herders, that the Lapp population is actually composed of several economically diverse subcultures. Families of the same occupation who live near each other join together to form a a community, called a siida. Each siida has its own pastureland and fishing waters, and the center of the community in some Lapp groups is the winter village or marketplace where the church is built. Prior to the eighteenth century, the community resources were divided among the individual families; now, a member is free to choose pastureland within the community for his reindeer. The siida assumes mutual responsibility in some matters (e.g., the payment for damages done by the rindeer of a siida to the fields of the settled Lapps). The Skolt Lapps have best preserved the siida in its original form. In a Skolt siida, each family is allotted a certain section of the community area. Once each year, common problems are discussed in a meeting, and community officials are chosen. In the past, they also chose at this meeting the spokesman for the important Kola meeting in which all the families of the district were represented. In every community meeting, each family has a spokesman. An elder in the community deals with all matters concerning the siida as a whole (e.g., the migrations and trials for various crimes). The siida of the rindeer nomads is composed of from two to six families. The leader of the siida is the man who has the biggest herd of reindeer and the most experience. The siida may be intact only during the winter, and it is possible to change from one siida to a another. The Lapps also form fishing and hunting companies. In hunting big game, such as bear, the Lapps cooperate extensively. Poorer members of fishing companies are able to provide a living for themselves by using the fishing equipment of the more wealthy members in exchange for part of their catch. There is no clear-cut social class system among the Lapps, but the differentiations that do exist have an economic base. The wealthier reindeer herders place themselves socially above those Lapps who earn their living by fishing; the latter believe themselves to be above the Skolts, who are considered to be primitive. In the four countries they inhabit, the Lapps are an insignificant minority and the subject of prejudice especially in Norway, which has the largest and poorest Lapp population. An extensive analytical bibliography of the Lapps may be found in O'Leary and Steffens (1975). The literature on the Lapps is very difficult to control, because of its sheer quantity and the diversity of languages involved. Nevertheless, summaries on Lapp culture may be found in Indiana (1955), Collinder (1949), Scheffer (1704), Paine (1957), and Vorreen (1962). Culture summary by Heather Fellows Collinder, Bjorn. The Lapps. Princeton, Princeton University Press for the American Scandinavian Foundation, 1949. 12, 252 p. illus., maps. Indiana. University. Graduate Program in Uralic and Asian Studies. The Lapps. By Eeva K. Minn. New Haven, Printed by Human Relations Area Files, 1955. 8, 137 p. maps. O'Leary, Timothy J. Lapps ethnographic bibliography. 2 vols. Compiled by Timothy J. O'Leary and Joan Steffens. New Haven, Human Relations Area Files, 1975. Paine, Robert. Coast Lapp society, I: a study of neighbourhood in Revsbotn Fjord. Tromso, Norway, 1957. 18, 341 p. maps, tables. Scheffer, John. The history of Lapland: containing a geographical description, and a natural history of that country; with an account of the inhabitants, their original, religion, customs, habits, marriages, conjurations, employments, etc. London, Printed for Tho. Newborough, at the Golden-Ball in St. Paul's-Church-Yard: and R. Parker under the Royal-Exchange, 1704. 5, 416, 20 p. Vorren, Ornulv. Lapp life and customs: a survey. By Ormulv Vorren and Ernst Manker. Translated from the Norwegian by Kathleen McFarlane. London, Oxford University Press, 1962. 11, 183 p. illus., map. 7856
Welcome To Central-Norway - Culture
http://www.midt-norskreiseliv.no/engelsk/kultur/
Scandinavian Club
Organization for student swith an interest in the languages and culture of norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland. Information about their film series, related CU courses, study abroad, and web resources on Scandinavia.
http://www.colorado.edu/germslav/SCAN/scanprog/club.html
Welcome To Central-Norway - Culture
http://www.midt-norskreiseliv.no/engelsk/kultur/index.stm
Norway.org
Serves most of Washington and Idaho. Information on consular duties, links and contact information for Norwegian culture in the Northwest, visa and passport services, news, economy, and education.
http://www.norway.org/embassy/embassy.cfm?location=Seattle
History, Culture, Geography, Recreation
Welcome, norway History, culture, geography, recreation, norway for youngpeople, The Monarchy, government, political system, Foreign policy,
http://www.norway.org.hk/eNorhistory.htm
Uffda Link Site To Norway And Anything Norwegian
Links to Norwegian sites in English about politics, art, culture, history, media, recipes, sports, hobbies and travel.
http://fromnorway.net/uffda/index.htm
ThinkQuest
Gives an overview of the country of norway, including its culture, geography, government and economy, and history.
http://tqjunior.thinkquest.org/6252/
HallEuropeanHistory.com :: Culture Shock!: Norway (Culture Shock Series)
You are here European History Sweden culture Shock! norway (culture ShockSeries). Search (books). culture Shock! norway (culture Shock Series).
http://halleuropeanhistory.com/index.php/Mode/product/AsinSearch/1558681663/name
Norwegian Scenery
Short introductions to norway's culture, science, economy, geography, government, history, nature, and outdoors.
http://www.norwegian-scenery.com/
Culture And History - Culture Norway
norway. norway culture and History culture. You results norway -The Sami homeland - Languages and culture - T he S ami H omeland.
http://www.kasbah.com/vitalstats/culture_and_history/culture/norway_norway_1.htm
Sons Of Norway
Dedicated to preserving and promoting Norwegian heritage throughout North America and norway. Sons of norway programs include insurance, travel, sports, culture, and heritage.
http://www.sofn.com/
Valdres Samband
Organization of emigrant descendants from the Valdres Valley of norway and those interested in its history and culture. Find historical and genealogical information.
http://www.geocities.com/~valdressamband/

Extractions: Archive ... Stevne The Valdres Samband is an organization of emigrant descendants from the Valdres Valley of Norway and those interested in its history and culture. Valdres is approximately 100 miles northwest of Oslo. It is the oldest 'bygdelag' in America having been organized in 1899. This web site serves to provide resources for those who are interested in their Valdres heritage. Special Features In 1904 Andrew Veblen (founding father), wrote: "One of the chief aims is to gather, preserve and impart knowledge of Valdris and people of Valdris origin; to serve as a bond between them and to keep alive their common traditions, to foster knowledge of their ancestry and cherish a filial interest in the beautiful ancestral home of the race. By the operation of natural causes the language of our fathers will be forgotten among our descendants a very few generations hence. But the sentiment and interest that called the Samband into being need not die with the language. They should endure as long as there is Valdris blood to transmit; and to keep them alive and perpetuate them is a special function of the Valdris Samband ."
Travel In Kristiansand, Norway - Culture - WorldTravelGate.net®
home. Kristiansand enjoys the sunniest climate in norway, it is the countrysfifth largest city, with a It has always been the centre of sport and culture.
http://www.eurotravelling.net/norway/kristiansand/kristiansand_culture.htm

Extractions: Kristiansand Culture fifth largest city, with a relaxed and friendly atmosphere of a small town, its attractive geometrical layout dates back to Renaissance. In addition to the white timbered buildings of Posebyen, the medieval quarter, it offers a wide range of attractions including numerous restaurants and bars, a pleasant marina and some of the cleanest bathing water anywhere. It has always been the centre of sport and culture. Kristiansand is surrounded by a number of rocky islands attractive for tourists. Visit the Christiansholm Fortress, overlooking the colourful marina at the east harbour, which hosts arts and crafts displays or take a peek at an exhibit at Winthers Hus, the artists' centre. Music is an important part of the culture in Kristiansand where you can enjoy symphonic orchestra, opera society, festival of sacred music and rock concerts. In respect of dimension the cathedral is the third church in Norway, with 1.800 seats. Nearby is the ancient Oddernes Church (dating possibly to the 11 th century) and the 18th-century Gimle Manor; Kongsgaard to the northeast houses the regional folklore museum.
Travel In Narvik, Norway - Culture - WorldTravelGate.net®
Narvik culture. Home. Narvik harbour, despite being so far north,is free of ice all year round thanks to the Gulf Stream. That
http://www.eurotravelling.net/norway/narvik/narvik_culture.htm

Extractions: Narvik's high mountains and fjord make it the perfect skiing destination, with plenty of downhill excitement. The cross-country runs are also excellent, even during the summer. The town is in the region of Nordland, and sits on the Narvik peninsula, at the head of the Ofotfjord, surrounded by Swedish mountains and high plains. Sports lovers from all corners of the world come to Narvik to go skiing, snowboarding, mountain climbing or potholing. The actual town of Narvik is circled by the towering peaks of Sovende Dronning, Tottatoppen and Fagernesfjellet. The most characteristic of these is Sovende Dronning, or the Sleeping Queen. This peak is topped with snow all year round, and after the dark winter months, the sun always reappears on 6 February over Sovende Dronning. It is rumoured that the mountain is named after Queen Victoria of England. The actual mountain looks like a woman's head in profile. Queen Victoria is said to have enjoyed the great privilege of anaesthetics when she gave birth to her children. An Englishman from the British railway company which started the construction of the Ofotbanen railway thought that the mountain looked like the anaesthetised queen, and the name stuck. Its real name is Kongsbakktind.
Royal Norwegian Embassy, Bangkok - Culture
As in other countries that have fought similar battles, art and culture in Norwaybecame important weapons int he struggle for national freedom and independence
http://www.emb-norway.or.th/cgi-bin/wbch3.exe?p=3403
Sons Of Norway - Norwegian Culture
Large number of recipes from appetizers to vegetable and grain dishes.Category Home Cooking World Cuisines European Norwegian By Name of Expert. Add an Expert. Home About Us Events Join Us NorwegianCulture Financial Products Contact Us Shopping © 2002 Sons of norway.
http://www.sofn.com/norwegianculture/recipes/

Extractions: You haven't had a good open-faced sandwich in a long time, and you thought this might be the place? Curious to see what the term "Norwegian cuisine" covers today? Try your hand at some of the following recipes. If you don't see what you're looking for, please let us know we'll continue to add recipes in the future.
Sons Of Norway - Norwegian Culture
In depth topical tutorials for learning to speak Norwegian.Category Kids and Teens School Time Foreign LanguagesNorwegian in 5 Minutes a Month. Our monthly language lesson has been out fora while now, and many of you have let us know that it is working well.
http://www.sofn.com/norwegianculture/languagelessons/

Extractions: Norwegian in 5 Minutes a Month Our monthly language lesson has been out for a while now, and many of you have let us know that it is working well. Thank you for taking the time to communicate with us. Visitors to "Norwegian in 5 Minutes a Month" have asked for information on the Norwegian alphabet and genealogical terms, so we have added pages on both topics. We look forward to your feedback. In the meantime, good luck! Notice to Members: You can access language lessons with sound in the Members Login area. The Norwegian Alphabet
Art And Culture Of Norway
Modern art has also made a crucial contribution to norway's culture. This isone of the many statues that decorates Vigeland Sculpture Park in Oslo.
http://www.franklincoll.edu/jouweb/pub/Fleck/Winter_Root_Folder/art_culture.htm

Extractions: Much of Norway's art and culture can be traced back to the Vikings, who traveled the world from 800 to 1050. The cart at the left was used for ceremonial purposes, such as funerals. The wheels only turned in one direction, which represented the irreversible nature of death. In addition to being functional, Viking vessels were decorated with beautiful, elaborate carvings. Modern art has also made a crucial contribution to Norway's culture. This is one of the many statues that decorates Vigeland Sculpture Park in Oslo. The park and museum, along with a studio and dwelling place, were built by the city for Gustav Vigeland (1869-1943), who was an important Norwegian artist. The Sculpture Park is filled with his many works. Norway is home to museums dedicated to such notables as the composer Edvard Grieg and the artist Edvard Munch. The National Gallery in downtown Oslo also houses many world- renowned pieces of art by such masters as Gauguin, Renoir, Manet, Matisse, Munch, van Gogh, and Monet. Norwegians place a great emphasis on preserving traditional arts and crafts. Rauland Academy is a very small school situated in the mountains of central Norway, where three feet of snow is not uncommon in winter. Their curriculum teaches students how to create traditional arts and crafts such as weaving, silversmithing, folk music, and woodworking. At the left, a professor demonstrates how to make wooden joints that make nails unnecessary.
Travel To Norway!
A collection of papers about literature, culture, art and architecture.Category Regional Europe norway Society and culture
http://www.norwegian-scenery.com/facts/culture_science.html

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